👤 Lin-Yu Wei

This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of polyphyllin Ⅱ in improving di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)-induced learning and memory impairment. In the experiment, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, a model group(exposed to 5 mg·kg~(-1) DEHP), and polyphyllin Ⅱ groups(5 mg·kg~(-1) DEHP + 0.5 mg·kg~(-1) polyphyllin Ⅱ, DEHP + 1 mg·kg~(-1) polyphyllin Ⅱ, and DEHP + 2 mg·kg~(-1) polyphyllin Ⅱ). The learning and memory function of mice was tested using the Morris water maze. The hippocampal neuron structure was detected by Nissl staining. The expression of casein kinase Ⅱ subunit beta(CK2b), protein kinase B(Akt)-cAMP response element binding protein(CREB) pathway-related proteins, as well as postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD95) and synapsin 1 was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) expression was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The results showed that compared with the control group, DEHP induced learning and memory impairment, as well as hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in mice. Additionally, DEHP downregulated CK2b, inhibited the Akt-CREB pathway, and downregulated the PSD95, synapsin1, and BDNF expression. After polyphyllin Ⅱ administration, DEHP-induced learning and memory impairment was significantly improved, with inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, restored CK2b expression, reactivated Akt-CREB pathway, as well as restored expression of PSD95, synapsin1, and BDNF. Furthermore, the surface plasmon resonance(SPR) experiment of N2a cells demonstrated that polyphyllin Ⅱ targeted CK2b and stabilized its expression. After using siRNA to inhibit CK2b, the neuroprotective effect of polyphyllin Ⅱ was also significantly inhibited, and neuronal apoptosis was reinduced. In conclusion, polyphyllin Ⅱ can ameliorate DEHP-induced learning and memory impairment, with its potential mechanism involving the Akt-CREB pathway activation via CK2b upregulation, which leads to restored PSD95 and synapsin1 expression, and synaptic plasticity, as well as inhibited neuronal apoptosis, ultimately exerting a neuroprotective effect. This study suggests that polyphyllin Ⅱ possesses a neuroprotective effect and has potential application value in improving cognitive impairment. Show less

This comprehensive review examines the synergistic effects of physical exercise and polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, curcumin, and resveratrol, on spatial learning and memory. The interplay between these interventions highlights their potential to enhance cognitive function by promoting neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and resilience against oxidative stress and inflammation. Mechanistic insights reveal that exercise and polyphenols activate complementary neuroprotective pathways, including the upregulation of BDNF and CREB, as well as the modulation of antioxidant defenses via Nrf2. Evidence from both animal and human studies demonstrates significant improvements in spatial memory and hippocampal function when these strategies are combined. Despite promising findings, challenges related to bioavailability, dosing, and long-term efficacy remain, underscoring the need for further investigation. This review emphasizes the potential clinical applications of these combined approaches for preventing cognitive decline and promoting brain health during aging and in neurodegenerative conditions. Show less

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) hold great promise for periodontal regeneration therapy. However, their self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capabilities are often compromised by adverse factors in the periodontal microenvironment. Therefore, identifying novel therapeutic targets and elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms to protect the proliferative and differentiation potential of PDLSCs is of significant importance. PDLSCs were exposed to electronic cigarette extract and various common oral stressors to evaluate the expression of glucagon such as peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR). PDLSCs isolated from patients with periodontitis and PDLSCs from a mouse periodontitis model were also analyzed. Functional studies were performed by GLP1R or GIPR knockdown, overexpression, and treatment with single or dual receptor agonists, followed by assessment of cell proliferation and multilineage differentiation capacities. Transcriptome (RNA-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), and RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq) were applied to delineate downstream signaling pathways and RNA–protein interactions. Protein synthesis regulation was further investigated by immunoprecipitation of interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT)-associated translation initiation factors. For in vivo validation, wild-type and GLP1R/GIPR double-knockout periodontitis mice were transplanted with CRISPR-Cas9 mCherry-labeled PDLSCs and treated with receptor agonists. Disease severity and PDLSC fate were evaluated by histology and lineage tracing. Finally, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 150 patients with periodontitis, including 74 individuals with long-term use (> 1 month) of GLP1R or GLP1R/GIPR dual agonists (e.g., semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide), to assess their periodontal outcomes. GLP1R and GIPR expression were markedly downregulated in PDLSCs exposed to multiple stressors and in PDLSCs isolated from periodontitis specimens. RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and RIP-seq identified downstream pathways and RNA–protein interactions implicated in receptor-mediated regulation. Functionally, GIPR agonism promoted PDLSC proliferation via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, whereas GLP1R agonist enhanced multilineage differentiation capacity in vitro. Mechanistically, GLP1R knockdown induced robust upregulation of IFIT1/2/3, while GLP1R agonist suppressed IFIT expression. IFIT1/2/3 were shown to interact with eIF3C and to inhibit translation of differentiation-related mRNAs, linking GLP1R signaling to translational control of PDLSC fate. In vivo, transplantation experiments in both wild-type and GLP1R/GIPR double-knockout periodontitis mice demonstrated that single and dual receptor agonists significantly improved endogenous and exogenous PDLSC-mediated periodontal regeneration. Consistently, a clinical survey of 150 patients with periodontitis (74 receiving GLP1R or dual agonists) revealed significantly better periodontal staging and grading in treated individuals, with longer agonist exposure associated with greater improvement. Our findings uncover the different molecular roles of GIPR and GLP1R in self-renewal capacity and multipotency of PDLSCs, and open new avenues for developing therapeutic targets and strategies in oral tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-026-00867-2. Show less

The large-scale development of pig farming has introduced significant stressors that negatively affect pigs' mental health, behavior, and production efficiency. The hippocampus, crucial for cognition and stress response regulation, plays a central role in these processes. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying hippocampal function across pig breeds with different domestication statuses and their implications for behavior and breeding strategies remain unclear. We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) on hippocampal tissues from 22,342 cells across three pig breeds: Asian wild boar, Jinhua, and Duroc, representing different domestication statuses. We identified six major hippocampal cell types and annotated 108 breed-specific transcription factors, including GATA2, SPI1, and EBF1. Additionally, we characterized 83 co-expression modules and 50 significant ligand-receptor pairs, such as TGFβ, WNT, and SPP1, revealing complex intercellular communication networks. Oligodendrocyte expression patterns were conserved across all breeds. We identified 194 candidate genes linked to stress resilience, mental health, and feeding behavior, including MC4R, RYR2, PDE10A, and ABCG2. Alzheimer's disease-related gene enrichment was lower in Duroc pigs, consistent with reduced APOE expression. We also developed the Pig Hippocampus Single-cell Atlas (PHiSA, http://alphaindex.zju.edu.cn:8503/ ), an open-access database allowing breed-specific hippocampal analyses and validation of gene expression at the single-nucleus level. This study offers insights into hippocampal function regulation in pigs, focusing on stress resilience, behavior, and productivity. It highlights conserved and breed-specific molecular features of hippocampal cell types and their roles in adaptability and mental health. By integrating single-nucleus data, the research suggests that genetic strategies could be used to improve animal welfare, stress management, and production efficiency in pig breeding programs. Show less

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND), primarily including postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), are common and serious complications in elderly surgical patients. However, the exact mechanisms underlying PND are not fully understood. The lung-brain axis has recently been recognized as an important pathway in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that PND shares pathological features with AD, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, the lung-brain axis may also represent a plausible mechanistic contributor to PND. Furthermore, elderly surgical patients often receive inhalation anesthetics and undergo mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia, which directly affect the lungs and may alter the pulmonary microenvironment. Therefore, we hypothesize that the lung-brain axis plays a role in the development of PND. In this article, we discuss potential mechanisms by which surgery and anesthesia-especially inhalation anesthetics and mechanical ventilation-may influence cognitive function via the lung-brain axis. Potential mechanisms include changes in the pulmonary microbiota, secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and lung-derived inflammatory responses. These pathways may disrupt the blood-brain barrier, promote neuroinflammation, and exacerbate Aβ deposition, ultimately leading to cognitive impairment. Exploring the role of the lung-brain axis could provide new insights into PND pathophysiology and reveal potential targets for prevention and treatment of PND by targeting pulmonary-mediated cascades. Show less

Treatment failures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) leads to undesirable morbidity associated with immunosuppression. Recent studies of synovial tissue from refractory RA patients highlight the role of synovial fibroblasts and vascular endothelium in driving treatment failure. Utilizing high-dimensional spatial transcriptomics, we uncovered a crucial role for neurotrophin signaling in driving abnormal vascular maturation in RA synovia. Neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT3), induce differentiation of synovial fibroblasts into mural cells - pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mechanistically, NOTCH3 signaling activates a cascade of neurotrophin signaling through transcriptional induction of NGFR, a co-receptor for NGF. In RA synovial tissue explants, stimulation with NGF, BDNF, or NT3 leads to a dramatic increase in maturation of synovial tissue vasculature. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition with neurotrophin inhibitors drastically abolished maturation of vascularization in RA synovial explants. Notably, the FDA-approved tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib effectively reverse synovial vascular maturation in human RA tissue explants.Our findings suggest that fibroblast-derived neurotrophin signaling is a critical pathway in sustaining mature blood vessels in RA synovia, and that neurotrophin inhibitors reverse abnormal vascular maturation in RA. In rheumatoid arthritis, fibroblast neurotrophin signaling drives abnormal vascular maturation by inducing differentiation of fibroblasts into vascular mural cells. Show less

Premature ejaculation (PE) accompanied by anxiety or depression is a complex clinical condition at the intersection of male reproductive dysfunction and emotional disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play central and interrelated roles in its pathogenesis. In this review we examine the bidirectional functions of 5-HT and BDNF in both the reproductive and nervous systems, highlighting their importance in regulating ejaculation, emotional stability, and synaptic plasticity. A comprehensive literature search (2010-2025) was conducted across multiple databases using relevant Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, including pertinent original research and review articles, to synthesize the roles and regulatory pathways of 5-HT and BDNF in PE with comorbid anxiety or depression. We summarize the shared and distinct roles of 5-HT and BDNF in maintaining physiological balance across these systems and focus on their involvement in the major pathological processes underlying PE with anxiety or depression, including neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroendocrine dysregulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we outline the related signaling pathways through which 5-HT and BDNF exert their effects and interact. We also evaluate current pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions targeting these molecules, demonstrating their potential to improve both ejaculatory control and emotional symptoms, and critically appraise selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-related risks and highlighted the need for individualized dosing and monitoring. Emerging evidence suggests that Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations can extend intravaginal ejaculatory latency and mitigate mood symptoms and may serve as stand-alone or adjunctive options to reduce reliance on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Overall, 5-HT and BDNF are not only deeply involved in the biological mechanisms of PE with comorbid psychological disorders, but also represent promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and their integrative neuro-reproductive regulatory functions provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of this multifaceted condition. Show less

Pulmonary fibrosis is a common and life-threatening complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the molecular mechanisms linking the two diseases remain unclear, creating a critical gap in targeted therapeutic strategies for comorbid patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a key role in neuroprotection and lung homeostasis; its deficiency exacerbates PD-related neuroinflammation and α-synuclein aggregation, while also promoting pulmonary inflammation and fibrotic remodeling. Clarifying how ACE2 deficiency drives PD-exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis is therefore an urgent unmet need. This study explored the underlying mechanisms using MPTP-induced PD mouse models and bioinformatics analyses of PD/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) datasets from the GEO database. In MPTP-induced PD mice, ACE2 deficiency significantly worsened motor/non-motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuron loss, microglial/astrocytic activation, and lung fibrosis (evidenced by elevated α-SMA/TGF-β and increased collagen deposition). Bioinformatics identified 41 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PD and IPF, enriched in critical pathways: downregulated FoxO1 (impairing antioxidant defense) and upregulated TNF, JAK1-STAT3, and AGE-RAGE (amplifying inflammation/fibrosis). ROC analysis validated hub genes (e.g., BDNF, FOSL2) with good diagnostic value (AUC > 0.7), and molecular docking identified Smilagenin, Fostamatinib, Olopatadine, and Amlexanox as potential therapeutics. This study confirms ACE2 deficiency is a central driver of PD-exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis via the FoxO1/TNF/JAK1-STAT3/AGE-RAGE pathways, providing novel biomarkers and drug candidates to address the clinical need for managing this comorbidity. Show less

Cellular and synaptic plasticity in ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a key role in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Here, we first delineated the in vivo dynamics of dopamine (DA) neuron activity in VTA during chronic intermittent ethanol exposure: initial sensitization was followed by a phase of attenuated and dysregulated response upon the first high-concentration exposure, culminating in stable hyper-responsiveness. Chronic ethanol exposure impaired long-term potentiation of GABAergic synapses (LTP Show less

Post-cardiac surgery anxiety or depression (PCPAD) is a common neuropsychiatric complication following cardiovascular interventional procedures, which significantly increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and long-term mortality. Existing treatment strategies have limitations, and clinical needs remain unmet. The gut-brain axis (GBA) serves as a core network regulating neuroimmune and endocrine responses, and its imbalance involves key links such as intestinal flora dysbiosis and neuroimmune crosstalk disorders. It is closely related to the pathogenesis of this complication, providing a novel perspective for targeted interventions. This review aims to systematically clarify the mechanism of GBA in PCPAD, comprehensively explore therapeutic strategies targeting this axis, and focus on the intervention value and application potential of natural products. The study was designed and conducted in strict accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Relevant literatures were searched from PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases from their inception to December 2025. Literatures focusing on GBA-related mechanisms of PCPAD or investigating the mechanisms and clinical applications of natural products targeting GBA for PCPAD treatment were included. Conference abstracts, case reports, duplicate publications, and other ineligible literatures were excluded. Through quality control strategies including double independent screening and verification, priority inclusion of high-credibility evidence, and data cross-validation, 168 eligible literatures were finally included. The composition and functions of GBA, its imbalance mechanisms, and the basic and clinical evidence of natural product-based interventions were systematically analyzed. Studies have shown that GBA imbalance is the core pathogenesis of PCPAD, among which the inflammatory cascade initiated by intestinal flora dysbiosis, abnormal activation of the neuroendocrine axis, disorder of immune-nerve crosstalk, and abnormal gene and epigenetic regulation are key pathological links. In summary, GBA imbalance, especially gut microbiota dysbiosis and neuroimmune interactions, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PCPAD. Natural products (including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers, TCM compound prescriptions, patented TCM drugs, and natural products from other plant sources worldwide) can exert therapeutic effects by synergistically regulating GBA homeostasis through multiple targets. Specifically, they include increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, promoting the production of anti-inflammatory metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, repairing intestinal barrier function, inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome, and regulating the levels of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors such as 5-HT and BDNF. Basic and clinical studies have confirmed that these natural products have high biocompatibility and low toxic side effects, and are compatible with the safe medication needs of patients during the organ function recovery period after cardiac surgery. Several natural products have been proven to modulate GBA dysfunction, with potential for clinical therapeutic application. This review systematically elucidates a new paradigm of precise intervention for PCPAD via natural products that regulate GBA through multiple targets, addressing the limitation of traditional single-target therapies and providing a low-cost, easily promotable solution for clinical translation. Additionally, natural product-based interventions offer a novel approach for treating post-cardiac surgery complications. In the future, it is necessary to further conduct large-sample, multicenter clinical trials to clarify their mechanisms of action and standardized dosage regimens, strengthen toxicological research, facilitate the translation from basic research to clinical practice, and provide more precise therapeutic strategies for patients. Show less

Perineural invasion (PNI) represents a uniquely distinctive pathway for tumor metastasis, but its underlying molecular mechanisms and therapy remain unclear. Bioinformatics analysis and transcriptomic sequencing were first employed to investigate the involvement of the BDNF/TrkB axis in the ESCC PNI, which was validated with ESCC cells co-cultured with a dorsal root ganglia system (ESCC/DRG model), a mouse PNI model, and ESCC tissues, mainly using microscopic imaging, IVIS Spectrum The BDNF/TrkB axis is closely associated with the PNI in ESCC. This pathway plays a pivotal role in driving PNI progression via Akt signaling. Deguelin was identified as an effective inhibitor of PNI in ESCC. Mechanistically, BDNF was revealed to be a key binding target of Deguelin, which disrupts PNI development by modulating the BDNF/TrkB/Akt axis. Notably, overexpression of BDNF can counteract Deguelin's inhibitory effects on ESCC growth and PNI progression. The BDNF/TrkB axis promotes the progression of ESCC PNI, and Deguelin inhibits ESCC PNI by targeting this axis, enhancing the understanding of PNI's molecular mechanisms and offering new therapeutic options. Show less

The primary treatment for schizophrenia currently relies on medication. Nevertheless, the efficacy of medication for Cognitive Impairment Associated with Schizophrenia (CIAS) is constrained, and it is also accompanied by side effects. Consequently, the investigation of novel non-pharmacological strategies is essential. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) and aerobic exercise (AE) have emerged as promising approaches for cognitive enhancement in individuals with schizophrenia. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of integrating HD-tDCS with AE for CIAS and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this synergistic intervention. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial will be conducted. The CIAS will be randomly allocated to one of four groups: MRI-guided HD-tDCS + AE, MRI-guided HD-tDCS alone, AE alone, and a control group. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data will be obtained to determine the optimal electrode placement. The central electrode will be positioned over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Both HD-tDCS and AE will be administered five times per week over a four-week period, resulting in a total of 20 sessions. The primary outcome measure will be the change in cognitive function, evaluated using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Secondary outcomes will include changes assessed by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test which are designed to evaluate global and executive functions. The Facial Emotion Perception Test and the Voice Emotion Perception Test will be utilized to assess social cognition. The severity of clinical symptoms will be quantified through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. This study will incorporate functional near-infrared spectroscopy, MRI, electroencephalography, P300 event-related potential, eye movement examination and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Assessments will be evaluated at baseline (T0), after 2 weeks (T1), after 4 weeks (T2), and after 6 months (T3). The integration of MRI-guided HD-tDCS targeting the mPFC and AE presents an efficacious and individualized treatment strategy for CIAS. This proof-of-concept study may provide a multi-dimensional view of biological mechanisms underlying HD-tDCS combined with AE in precision psychiatry. The study is registered with https://www.chictr.org.cn/ protocol registration number ChiCTR2500106980 (date of registration: 1. August. 2025). It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Approval Code: XYEFYLL-2025-16, Approval Date: 17 February 2025). Recruitment began in December 2025. Show less

This study aims to establish a standardized mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(AD) with spleen-kidney deficiency and stagnant phlegm syndrome(AD-SKDSP) based on TCM theory, so as to provide a disease-syndrome combined model that aligns with the TCM diagnosis and treatment paradigm of "disease-syndrome-formula-efficacy" for modern research on AD prevention and treatment. Four-month-old male double-transgenic APP/PS1 mice were used as AD model animals. A standardized animal model of AD-SKDSP was constructed by high-sugar and high-fat diet feeding combined with ice-water bath and tail-clamping stimulation. The mice were randomly divided into an AD model group, an AD-SKDSP group, an AD Zhinao Capsule group, and a normal control group consisting of same-litter and age-matched male C57BL/6J mice. Corresponding drug treatments were administered at designated time points. During the eight-week modeling period, the following parameters were measured: physical sign scores, grip strength, body weight, 24-hour food intake, 24-hour fecal water content, female mouse fertility, Morris water maze performance, nose-tongue-collateral-foot color, hippocampus detected by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, Aβ₍₁₋₄₂₎ and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) detected by immunohistochemistry, whole blood and plasma viscosity, 2-hour D-xylose, testosterone(T), estradiol(E₂₎, calcium(Ca), phosphorus(P), bone Gla protein(BGP), hippocampal synapsin(SYN) and postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD-95) mRNAs, and SYN, PSD-95, and BDNF proteins. The results showed that by the end of the 4th week, compared with the normal control group, the AD model group, AD-SKDSP group, and AD Zhinao Capsule group exhibited progressively increased physical sign scores and 24-hour fecal water content, and progressively decreased grip strength, body weight, and 24-hour food intake(P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the AD model group, the AD-SKDSP group and AD Zhinao Capsule group showed significantly increased physical sign scores and 24-hour fecal water content, along with significantly reduced grip strength, body weight, and 24-hour food intake(P<0.05, P<0.01). From the 5th week onward, compared with the AD-SKDSP group, the AD Zhinao Capsule group demonstrated significant reductions in physical sign scores and 24-hour fecal water content, as well as significant increases in grip strength, body weight, and 24-hour food intake with prolonged intragastric administration of Zhinao Capsule(P<0.05, P<0.01). By the end of the 8th week, compared with the normal control group, the AD model group and AD-SKDSP group exhibited significantly decreased female fertility, corrected R/G/B values of nose-tongue-collateral-foot, hippocampal BDNF expression, levels of 2-hour D-xylose, T, E₂, Ca, P, and BGP, hippocampal SYN and PSD-95 mRNA expression, and SYN, PSD95, and BDNF protein expression. Meanwhile, platform latency, hippocampal Aβ₍₁₋₄₂₎ expression, and whole blood and plasma viscosity(low, medium, and high shear rates) were significantly increased, while platform crossings and target quadrant swimming time were markedly reduced(P<0.05, P<0.01). Hippocampal CA1 neurons in these groups displayed partial loss of normal morphology, with pyknotic or swollen nuclei, deep blue staining, disorganized distribution, and a thickness of "3-5" layers. Compared with the AD model group, the AD-SKDSP group showed significant reductions in female fertility, corrected R/G/B values of nose-tongue-collateral-foot, hippocampal BDNF expression, levels of 2-hour D-xylose, T, E₂, Ca, P, and BGP, hippocampal SYN and PSD-95 mRNA expression, and SYN, PSD95, and BDNF protein expression, significant increases in platform latency, hippocampal Aβ₍₁₋₄₂₎ expression, and whole blood and plasma viscosity(low, medium, and high shear rates), and significant decreases in platform crossings and target quadrant swimming time(P<0.05, P<0.01). The hippocampal CA1 neurons exhibited irregular shapes, increased nuclear pyknosis, intensified deep blue staining, a thickness of "1-3" layers, and chaotic distribution. Compared with the AD-SKDSP group, the AD Zhinao Capsule group demonstrated significant increases in female fertility, corrected R/G/B values of nose-tongue-collateral-foot, hippocampal BDNF expression, levels of 2-hour D-xylose, T, E₂, Ca, P, and BGP, hippocampal SYN and PSD-95 mRNA expression, and SYN, PSD95, and BDNF protein expression, significant decreases in platform latency, hippocampal Aβ₍₁₋₄₂₎ expression, and whole blood and plasma viscosity(low, medium, and high shear rates), and significant increases in platform crossings and target quadrant swimming time(P<0.05, P<0.01). The hippocampal CA1 neuronal pathology was markedly alleviated. In summary, guided by the holistic concept and syndrome differentiation theory of TCM and on the basis of characteristics of "spleen deficiency", "kidney deficiency", and "intermingled phlegm and blood stasis", this study successfully established a standardized AD-SKDSP animal model by combining a high-sugar and high-fat diet with ice-water bath and tail-clamping stimulation for eight weeks. This modeling method exhibits strong controllability, minimal physicochemical stimulation, reproducibility, and verifiability, providing a stable and standardized disease-syndrome combined animal model for future research on the "disease-syndrome-formula-efficacy" paradigm in AD-SKDSP. Show less

Long-term alcohol consumption drives systemic damage through metabolites such as acetaldehyde, which trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis. This study evaluated the protective effects of fermented red quinoa (FRQ) in an alcohol-exposed mouse model, with a focus on cognitive function. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into three groups for a 28-day study: a normal control, an alcohol-treated group gavaged with ethanol (1 mL/100 g·BW), and a group receiving the same ethanol dose co-administered with FRQ powder (human equivalent dose: 9 g/60 kg·BW). Our results demonstrated that fermentation with Lactobacillus kisonensis significantly increased the content of phenolic compounds (e.g., quercetin and veratric acid) in FRQ. FRQ intervention improved cognitive function, ameliorated synaptic structural impairment and blood-brain barrier disruption, and attenuated hepatic steatosis. The protective mechanisms involved three pathways: 1) The specific phenolic compounds in FRQ promoted alcohol metabolism by regulating ADH/ALDH activity, leading to reduced acetaldehyde levels. As a primary initiating pathway, this metabolic enhancement dominantly attenuated subsequent oxidative stress and inflammation, mitigating injury in the liver, brain, and colon. 2) It directly modulated AP-1 subunits (ΔFOSB/JUND), restored BDNF, and rebalanced the glutamate/GABA systems. 3) It regulated the gut-liver-brain axis by remodeling the gut microbiota (e.g., enriching butyrate-producing Butyricicoccus), reinforcing intestinal barrier integrity, and thereby suppressing systemic LPS translocation and inflammation. In conclusion, FRQ mitigates alcohol-induced cognitive and hepatic damage via multiple mechanisms, highlighting its promise as an integrative dietary intervention. Show less

Schizophrenia primarily depends on pharmacotherapy, which has demonstrated limited efficacy in enhancing cognitive impairments. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) and computerized cognitive remediation therapy (CCRT) hold potential for improving cognitive impairments. This study aims to investigate the effects of combining HD-tDCS with CCRT on cognition and to explore the mechanisms of this approach in schizophrenia. This is the protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia patients will be randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: HD-tDCS + CCRT group (Group 1), HD-tDCS group (Group 2), CCRT group (Group 3), and a control group (Group 4). The central electrode will be personalized using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided localization in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). CCRT includes 6 therapeutic modules and 10 distinct tasks. Both HD-tDCS and CCRT will be administered once daily, 5 days per week, for 4 consecutive weeks, culminating in a total of 20 sessions. Assessments will occur at baseline (T0), after 10 sessions (T1), after 20 sessions (T2), and after 6 months of follow-up (T3). The primary outcome measure is the change in cognition. We will employ multimodal MRI, serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to explore the underlying mechanisms. An involvement of mPFC and synaptic plasticity in response to HD-tDCS and CCRT is hypothesized. The study will provide empirical evidence for the effectiveness of combined therapy at an individual level, explore its mechanisms, and may ultimately result in personalized medicine. ChiCTR2500102731, https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowprojectEN.html?id=276964&v=1.0. Show less

Retigabine (RTG) shows notable neuroprotective efficacy in multiple brain injury models; however, its interplay with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is poorly understood. This study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of RTG against CRS-induced depression-like behaviors and cognitive deficits in mice and to uncover the associated molecular mechanisms. A depression-like and cognitive impairment model was established in C57BL/6 male mice using chronic restraint stress (CRS). Six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: control (Con), model (CRS), RTG (10 mg/kg), XE-991 (2 mg/kg) or tunicamycin (Tm, 2 mg/kg). Behavioral tests were conducted to assess depression-like behaviors and cognitive function. Hippocampal neuronal morphology was examined by H&E and immunofluorescence staining, while changes in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blot. Retigabine treatment reduced hippocampal neuronal damage and the expression of ERS-related factors (GRP78, CHOP) and the pro-apoptotic factor BAX in CRS-induced mice, while it increased the levels of BDNF. These effects were antagonized by XE-991 and the ERS agonist tunicamycin (Tm). Retigabine may alleviate CRS-induced depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment by inhibiting ERS-mediated apoptosis, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for depression. Show less

(1) Background: The increasing environmental concentration of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) may pose a risk of human exposure and health threats. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to PS-NPs poses a threat to neural synaptic plasticity, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. (2) Methods: Hippocampal astrocytes and neurons were co-cultured, exposed to PS-NPs at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL, and cytotoxicity was assessed. We investigated PS-NP-induced impairment of synaptic plasticity by regulating the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). (3) Results: Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a central molecular organizer of synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, and its activity is intrinsically linked to intracellular calcium ion concentration. Our research indicates that PS-NPs may interfere with calcium ion signaling and CaMKIIα activity, thereby reducing CaMKIIα activity. This subsequently downregulates the expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), modulates BDNF expression, and impacts synaptic plasticity. (4) Conclusions: In summary, this study primarily focused on the effects of PS-NPs exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Show less

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most prevalent and toxic microcystin congeners, posing a significant threat to aquatic organisms as well as humans; however, its underlying toxic mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, the negative impacts of MC-LR and the underlying mechanisms in zebrafish larvae were investigated. The results demonstrated that MC-LR could penetrate zebrafish larvae and induce developmental toxicity, characterized by reduced heart rate, decreased body length, and smaller eye area. H&E staining revealed that MC-LR exposure significantly reduced the thickness of retinal layers. qPCR analysis showed altered expression levels of phototransduction and retinoic acid metabolism related genes (rho, gnat1, gnat2, opn1sw1, opn1lw1, opn1mw1, rdh1, rbp4, cyp26a1, and aldh1a2). These findings suggest that MC-LR may disrupt retinal structure and impair normal visual function in larvae. Behavioral analyses indicated that MC-LR exposure weakened spontaneous movements in embryos and impaired swimming ability in larvae, potentially due to significant alterations in the levels of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Additionally, MC-LR exposure reduced visuomotor responses, delayed reactions to external stimuli, and disrupted circadian rhythms, which may be attributed to altered expression levels of circadian rhythm-related genes (clock1a, bmal1a, per1b, cry1a, and per2), as well as changes in melatonin and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 levels. Overall, these findings indicate that MC-LR exposure induces developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish, and that impaired visual function and disrupted circadian rhythm may serve as key contributing factors to MC-LR-induced behavioral abnormalities, which warrant further emphasis in future ecological and health risk assessments. Show less

Aurantii Fructus (AF)is a traditional Chinese medicine historically used to regulate Qi and alleviate emotional distress, suggesting potential psychotropic effects. This study investigates its therapeutic value for depression based on this traditional indication. To evaluate the rapid antidepressant-like effect of a single acute dose of AF extract in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms through integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. AF flavonoid content was quantified by HPLC. Male mice underwent a 4-week CUMS protocol. A single oral dose of AF was administered 2 h prior to behavioral testing (NSF, TST, SPT, and OFT), with ketamine serving as a positive control. Hippocampal transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA sequencing, and serum metabolites were profiled via LC-MS in both positive and negative ion modes. Pearson correlation analysis assessed relationships between key targets and behavioral outcomes. Pathway involvement was functionally validated in a separate experiment using a hypoxanthine synthesis inhibitor. AF contained narirutin (1.32 mg/g), hesperidin (3.19 mg/g), neohesperidin (22.89 mg/g), naringenin (0.03 mg/g), and nobiletin (0.08 mg/g). Acute AF administration rapidly reversed CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors, significantly decreasing latency to feed and increasing food consumption in the NSF test, reducing immobility time in the TST, and elevating sucrose preference in the SPT, without altering locomotor activity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed specific downregulation of hippocampal caspase-4 expression by AF. Metabolomic profiling showed AF normalized elevated serum hypoxanthine levels. Serum hypoxanthine levels negatively correlated with hippocampal caspase-4 expression and behavioral improvements, whereas caspase-4 expression positively correlated with behavioral deficits. Pharmacological inhibition of hypoxanthine synthesis abolished AF's antidepressant effects and prevented its normalization of hippocampal caspase-4, NF-κB, GDNF, and BDNF expression. Acute AF produces rapid, ketamine-like antidepressant effects by targeting the hypoxanthine-caspase-4 pathway. This study reveals a novel purinergic mechanism underlying AF's traditional use for emotional disorders and offers a promising therapeutic strategy for rapid-acting antidepressant development. Show less

Aberrant microglial activation and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis play critical roles in the pathogenesis of depression. Although electroacupuncture (EA) has demonstrated clinical antidepressant efficacy, the underlying mechanisms by which it modulates microglial activity and promotes neurogenesis remain unclear. Male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for three weeks. Following this period, the mice were divided into groups receiving either EA at the Yintang (GV29) and Baihui (GV20) acupoints, imipramine (IMI) as a positive control, or no treatment (vehicle control) for an additional 3 weeks. To evaluate depressive-like behaviors, we conducted the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test. Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using the open field test and elevated plus maze. We employed immunofluorescence, Golgi staining, Western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to elucidate the effects of EA on microglia-driven hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF signaling. Notably, loss-of-function experiments utilizing PLX5622 for microglial ablation and ANA-12 for TrkB blockade demonstrated the necessity of both microglia and BDNF signaling for the therapeutic efficacy of EA. EA treatment significantly alleviated CUMS-induced anxiodepressive behaviors. This behavioral recovery was associated with a phenotypic shift in microglia towards a pro-neurogenic state in the hippocampus. Importantly, microglia were essential for the therapeutic effects of EA, as evidenced by their ablation with PLX5622. Furthermore, EA enhanced neurogenesis by orchestrating a multi-step augmentation of BDNF signaling, which involved PKA activation, subsequent release from MeCP2-mediated transcriptional repression, and ultimately increased maturation of BDNF. Our findings demonstrate that EA exerts antidepressant effects by promoting a pro-neurogenic transformation of microglia. Mechanistically, these microglia enhance BDNF function via the PKA/MeCP2/BDNF pathway, thereby facilitating hippocampal neurogenesis and restoring synaptic plasticity, which collectively alleviate depressive symptoms. Show less

Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. Blood-based biomarkers have recently gained significant attention due to their accessibility and cost-effectiveness. This review highlights the latest progress in multiple key areas of bloodbased biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. For early diagnosis, blood-based biomarkers such as amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau can identify Alzheimer's disease even before clinical symptoms emerge. Dynamic changes in blood-based biomarkers, including p-tau217 and neurofilament light chain, reflect disease progression and correlate with cognitive decline, enabling continuous monitoring of Alzheimer's disease progression. Additionally, bloodbased biomarkers such as p-tau181 and glial fibrillary acidic protein aid in differential diagnosis by distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from other dementias such as frontotemporal dementia. Blood-based biomarkers related to nerve repair have opened up new avenues for tracking nerve regeneration and therapeutic response, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Furthermore, advanced detection technologies such as single-molecule array and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry have significantly improved the sensitivity and specificity of bloodbased biomarkers, facilitating their clinical translation. In summary, blood-based biomarkers hold strong potential to improve early diagnosis, monitor progression, differential diagnosis, and evaluate therapies in Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a comprehensive and updated evaluation of the translational potential of bloodbased biomarkers, emphasizing their practical utility in clinical settings and offering insights into future directions for large-scale application. This review emphasizes the need to prioritize the allocation of scientific resources, expedite the transition of blood-based biomarkers to clinical implementation, and ultimately achieve precise treatment of Alzheimer's disease using these biomarkers. Show less

Excessive stress leads to injury and dysfunction, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. As a human longevity gene, forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) is a transcription factor that regulates various cellular processes, including the response to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. This study aims to explore whether FoxO3a in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is involved in the formation of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment in stressed rats and to investigate the detailed mechanism. This study was conducted using the 6-week chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model. Before the stress treatment, we injected an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to overexpress FoxO3a specifically in the DG. Following the 6-week CUS treatment, a series of behavioral tests was conducted. Depression-like behavior was assessed using the sucrose preference test (SPT) and the open field test (OFT). The state of desperation was assessed with the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Anxiety-like behavior was measured in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and OFT. Cognitive function was examined using the Y-maze test (Y-maze), novel object recognition test (NORT), and Morris water maze test (MWM). The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. The levels of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Pathological injury in DG was observed using thionine staining. The expression levels of FoxO3a, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (SYN), and proliferation marker Ki67 (Ki67) were determined using western blot. CUS leads to various abnormal changes, including anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuropathological alterations in the DG, and decreased expression of FoxO3a, BDNF, PSD95, SYN, and Ki67. All these abnormal changes were significantly alleviated by targeted AAV-FoxO3a injection in the DG. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the downregulation of FoxO3a induced by CUS in the DG triggers oxidative stress and inflammatory response, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces abnormal synaptic plasticity, ultimately leading to anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. Show less

Chronic heart failure (CHF) impairs cognitive function. Xijiaqi Formula (XJQ), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used clinically to treat CHF, demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients. However, its precise mechanism in treating post-CHF cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. This study systematically investigates XJQ's effects on post-CHF cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. The components of XJQ were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHF was induced in rats via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by six weeks of XJQ treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated through echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters, while cognitive function was assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and open field tests (OFT). XJQ treatment enhanced both cardiac and cognitive functions in CHF rats. Network pharmacology identified 12 core active components of XJQ and indicated its effect on cognitive dysfunction involved regulating synapses, inflammation, and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. XJQ inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation, decreased proinflammatory cytokines, and mitigated neuronal damage. Notably, XJQ promoted synaptic repair and dendritic growth by downregulating PDE4 and upregulating cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PSD95, and synapsin I levels. Molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry assays confirmed direct binding of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and darutoside to PDE4. In conclusion, XJQ alleviates neuroinflammation and enhances synaptic plasticity to improve cognitive dysfunction in CHF rats via the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. These findings provide valuable insight into the heart-brain axis. Show less

To develop and assess the efficacy of a rehabilitation-cognition integrated care (RCIC) program for elderly patients with lower limb fractures and mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment. A total of 128 eligible patients during January 2023 to December 2024 were randomly allocated to conventional (n = 64) or integrated care group (n = 64). Both groups received 12 weeks of intervention. Outcomes, including Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores, were compared. Serum neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory markers were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Complications, fall recurrence rates, and nursing satisfaction were recorded. Post-intervention, both groups showed improved FMA, BBS, and FIM scores, with significantly greater improvement in the integrated care group (p < 0.05). HADS-Anxiety (HADS-A) and HADS-Depression (HADS-D) scores decreased significantly more in the integrated care group (p < 0.05). The integrated care group demonstrated higher MoCA scores versus both its own baseline and the conventional care group post-intervention (p < 0.05). Serum BDNF and GDNF levels increased significantly in the integrated care group compared to both time-matched controls and its baseline (p < 0.05), while S100-β and IL-6 levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The integrated care group had lower overall complication rates (p < 0.05), comparable fall recurrence (p > 0.05), and higher nursing satisfaction (p < 0.05). The RCIC program significantly enhances motor function, balance, cognition, and psychological status while reducing complications and improving satisfaction in elderly fracture patients with cognitive impairment. Show less

This study was designed to explore the effects of esketamine on cognitive deficits and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). An in vivo SAE model was generated through the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS-induced cognitive impairment in rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. BBB disruption in vivo was assessed by measuring brain water content together with Evans blue dye penetration, while LPS-induced endothelial hyperpermeability in vitro was examined through FITC-dextran leakage. The protein expression of claudin-3 and ZO-1 was determined by western blotting. In addition, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell apoptosis, autophagy, and the activity of the BDNF/TrkB pathway were examined. Rapamycin (Rap, an autophagy inducer) and K252a (a BDNF inhibitor) were used to determine whether the protective effects of esketamine were associated with autophagy and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Esketamine treatment significantly improved the LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction and neurological injury observed in vivo, and it also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced cell apoptosis both in vivo and in LPS-treated hCMEC/D3 cells. Importantly, esketamine alleviated BBB hyperpermeability in vivo and prevented LPS-induced endothelial leakage in vitro. Moreover, esketamine suppressed LPS-induced autophagy, and the influence of esketamine on claudin-3 and ZO-1 expression was reversed when Rap was applied. Esketamine activated the BDNF/TrkB pathway, and the protective effects of esketamine on BBB integrity and autophagy in response to LPS were abolished by K252a. Taken together, these findings indicate that esketamine protects the BBB against SAE by activating the BDNF/TrkB pathway and inhibiting autophagy, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for SAE. Show less

Ambient air pollution aggravates cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) disorders and sarcopenia, yet the shared genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underlie their frequent co-occurrence remain poorly understood. We integrated genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for CKM components (cardiovascular disease [CVD], chronic kidney disease [CKD], metabolic syndrome), CKM-related cardiovascular events, and sarcopenia diagnostic criteria from European-ancestry cohorts, and conducted meta-analyses harmonizing each phenotype across at least three studies. We employed Mendelian Randomization (MR) to assess potential causal links and genetic correlation analyses (global and local) to quantify shared heritability. Multi-omics analyses included two sequential phases: Phase 1 identified and validated novel shared CKM-sarcopenia genes through integrated methylation (n = 1980) and expression (n = 31,684) analyses, followed by cross-validation using two complementary transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS). Phase 2 prioritized druggable targets through proteomic analysis across five independent cohorts (deCODE, n = 35,559; UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (UKB-PPP), n = 54,219; Fenland, n = 10,708; FinnGen Olink, n = 619; FinnGen Somascan, n = 828) and integrated colocalization. MR suggested genetically predicted associations between sarcopenia and CKM; genetically slower walking pace was associated with higher CVD risk (OR = 0.85, P = 9.56 × 10 Ambient air pollution likely promotes CKM-sarcopenia comorbidity chiefly via inflammatory signaling and epigenetic modifications. Our multi-omics integration reveals convergent pathways, candidate driver genes, and differential methylation sites that link these conditions. We propose these targets for environmental mitigation and molecular intervention, which require validation in diverse populations. Show less

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) provide more than 70% of the energy source for the ruminants. Understanding the host-microbiota regulation of VFAs production and utilization is highly important for optimizing the feed energy utilization efficiency of ruminants. Here, we conducted whole-genome resequencing, rumen transcriptome sequencing, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and VFA concentration determination in 530 Holstein bulls. We treated VFA concentrations as complex traits to perform multi-omics association analyses. The host genetics, rumen microbiota, and rumen expressed genes, on average, explained 23%, 58%, and 61% of the variations in VFAs with the same diet, respectively. We found that the rumen microbial composition and community structure differed significantly between the high and low VFA individuals. We further identified 11 microbes with potential causal relationships with rumen VFAs via the Mendelian randomization method, among which Bacteroidales_RF16_group, Prevotella, Clostridia_UCG-014, and [Eubacterium]_ventriosum_group were positively correlated with acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Conversely, rumen epithelial genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation (e.g., HSD17B4, ACADVL, ACADL, CPT1A, and ANGPTL4) were negatively correlated with the main VFAs and VFA-producing bacteria. These candidate microbes and genes suggest that the host-microbe coregulating mechanism facilitates the efficient production and utilization of rumen VFAs in ruminants. Our study provides a comprehensive perspective on the complex dynamic regulatory patterns of rumen VFAs, highlighting the crucial role of host-microbe interactions in optimizing the feed utilization of ruminants. Show less

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3), a factor secreted by the liver, inhibits lipoprotein lipase and other lipases by forming a complex with Angptl4 and 8. However, whether inhibition of Angptl3 can alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation and atherosclerosis remains unclear. Therefore, this study explored the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based inactivation of Angptl3 on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and atherosclerosis in male LDLR-deficient hamsters. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) encoding Angptl3-siRNA or empty AAV (AAV9-null) were injected into male 4-month-old LDLR On HFD, Angptl3-siRNA-treated hamsters displayed significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and glucose levels, compared with the AAV9-null hamsters. FPLC analysis further revealed a marked reduction of TG and cholesterol contents in VLDL/LDL fractions. Plasma apolipoprotein analysis showed relatively lower ApoB/ApoE levels and higher ApoA1 levels. Moreover, Angptl3-siRNA markedly accelerated the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in LDLR These findings demonstrated that siRNA-based inactivation of Angptl3 alleviated MAFLD and atherosclerosis induced by HFD in LDLR The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-026-02916-3. Show less

Damp-heat gout (DHG) is a highly certified type of disease integrated with syndrome in TCM. The ambiguity of its pathomechanism and the lack of quantifiable indicators limit its clinical accurate diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to elucidate the pathological mechanism of DHG and establish a symptom-centered diagnostic and therapeutic model. We recruited 136 participants, comprising healthy controls (HCs) and DHG patients. Serum metabolomics and proteomics analyses were performed to screen common pathways. Based on the biological significance of these common pathways, a symptom-pathway correlation network was constructed to clarify the pathological mechanisms driving DHG occurrence and progression. Enrichment scores and correlations with key DHG symptoms were used to identify critical pathways. Differential metabolites and proteins associated with these critical pathways served to establish a multi-index diagnostic model and identify potential therapeutic protein targets. Integrated metabolomic and proteomic analyses revealed 21 common pathways associated with DHG. Four crucial pathways, such as Bile secretion, Cholesterol metabolism, Purine metabolism, Arachidonic acid metabolism, were exhibited significant correlations with core DHG symptoms. Furthermore, six pathway-related biomarkers were identified: Hypoxanthine, Prostaglandin E2, Uric acid, Deoxycholic acid, Taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and Bilirubin. The combined diagnostic efficacy of these biomarkers was optimal (discovery cohort: AUC = 0.987; validation cohort: AUC = 0.997). Six protein targets were identified from the crucial pathways, including ATP1A1, APRT, ANGPTL4, GLUT1, PTGES3 and LIPA. This study establishes a symptom-centered diagnostic and therapeutic model for DHG utilizing the identified biomarkers and clarifies the involvement of critical metabolic pathways in DHG pathogenesis, providing novel targets for improved clinical diagnosis and therapy. Show less