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Premature ejaculation (PE) accompanied by anxiety or depression is a complex clinical condition at the intersection of male reproductive dysfunction and emotional disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play central and interrelated roles in its pathogenesis. In this review we examine the bidirectional functions of 5-HT and BDNF in both the reproductive and nervous systems, highlighting their importance in regulating ejaculation, emotional stability, and synaptic plasticity. A comprehensive literature search (2010-2025) was conducted across multiple databases using relevant Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, including pertinent original research and review articles, to synthesize the roles and regulatory pathways of 5-HT and BDNF in PE with comorbid anxiety or depression. We summarize the shared and distinct roles of 5-HT and BDNF in maintaining physiological balance across these systems and focus on their involvement in the major pathological processes underlying PE with anxiety or depression, including neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroendocrine dysregulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we outline the related signaling pathways through which 5-HT and BDNF exert their effects and interact. We also evaluate current pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions targeting these molecules, demonstrating their potential to improve both ejaculatory control and emotional symptoms, and critically appraise selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-related risks and highlighted the need for individualized dosing and monitoring. Emerging evidence suggests that Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations can extend intravaginal ejaculatory latency and mitigate mood symptoms and may serve as stand-alone or adjunctive options to reduce reliance on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Overall, 5-HT and BDNF are not only deeply involved in the biological mechanisms of PE with comorbid psychological disorders, but also represent promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and their integrative neuro-reproductive regulatory functions provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of this multifaceted condition. Show less

This research aimed to explore the serum levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) patients and its correlation with psychological disorders. This prospective observational study enrolled 168 HVS patients who came to our hospital from February 2021 to January 2023. The serum CaMKII, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Hamilton depression rating scale was used to assess the depression status of all study subjects. Hamilton anxiety rating scale, the self-rating anxiety scale, and the self-rating depression scale were used to further evaluate the psychological status of all patients. The self-rating depression scale, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, and self-rating anxiety scale scores in the depression group were significantly elevated compared to the non-depression group (P < .05). The serum CaMKII, 5-HT, and BDNF levels were significantly declined in the depression group compared to the non-depression group. Pearson analysis showed a positive correlation among CaMKII levels, 5-HT levels, and BDNF levels. Serum levels of CaMKII were associated with the psychological status of HVS patients (depression and anxiety). CaMKII could be used to predict depression in HVS patients. CaMKII was a risk factor for depression in HVS patients. This study showed that the serum CaMKII levels decreased in HVS patients with depression. The serum CaMKII level was correlated with 5-HT, BDNF and could be used to predict depression in HVS patients. Show less