Conflicting results on the association of the Using combinations of various key terms, articles in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, written in English were collected until October 31, 2024. Show more
Conflicting results on the association of the Using combinations of various key terms, articles in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, written in English were collected until October 31, 2024. Data were extracted independently by two authors and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. Fifteen studies that are compliant with the HWE, providing a total of 14,184 participants were included in this meta-analysis after applying predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria based on study design, DSM-based diagnosis, and availability of genotype counts. Most pooled models demonstrated low to moderate heterogeneity with significant associations in the recessive model only. In the subgroup analysis, a significant effect was observed in the PD-uncategorized cohort. The Our updated meta-analysis suggests that the Show less
Postoperative complications are common issues that may arise from anesthetic drugs or surgical procedures. This study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of ginsenosides on ane Show more
Postoperative complications are common issues that may arise from anesthetic drugs or surgical procedures. This study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of ginsenosides on anesthesia-associated side effects and postoperative complications. This study was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies published prior to October 13, 2024. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and duplicates were removed. Ginsenosides inhibit oxidative stress and enhance cognitive function by activating pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (PKB) (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), promoting neuroplasticity, alleviating oxidative stress, and modulating neuroinflammatory markers, as well as microglia and astrocytes. They help to maintain mitochondrial integrity, thereby reducing apoptosis and neurotoxicity caused by anesthetic agents. Ginsenosides also alleviate postoperative pain by modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and suppressing inflammatory cytokines. They also improved neuropsychological problems by increasing Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). The anti-fatigue properties of ginsenosides are attributed to enhanced antioxidant activity, improved skeletal muscle metabolic function, and increased Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) production. These results are consistent with prior studies demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Despite promising outcomes, the prevalence of animal studies and the absence of clinical data underscore the necessity for clinical validation and safety profiling in future research. Preclinical evidence shows ginsenosides, particularly Rg1, Rb1, and Rg3, demonstrate promising protective and therapeutic effects against anesthesia-associated adverse effects and postoperative complications. Show less