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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic condition with comorbidities beyond the lung (eg, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders), and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are also common. The shared genetic basis of COPD-GI comorbidity and its mediating factors remain unclear. We hypothesized that COPD and GI diseases share pleiotropic genetic architecture implicating lipid-metabolic pathways, with smoking mediating part of the association. We analyzed publicly available European-ancestry GWAS summary statistics for COPD (Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative), 15 GI diseases (FinnGen), and smoking phenotypes (UK Biobank). Genetic correlation was estimated using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and high-definition likelihood (HDL). Multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) boosted COPD discovery by leveraging genetically correlated GI traits. We integrated locus-to-gene mapping with multi-tissue expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and plasma protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) evidence to prioritize shared loci, genes, and proteins. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) tested causal directions, and two-step mediation MR evaluated smoking. COPD showed significant genetic correlation with nine GI diseases. We identified six comorbidity-associated loci (three with CADD > 12.37) and 13 unique candidate pleiotropic genes; APOE was supported by proteomic evidence. Enrichment analyses highlighted lipid-metabolism pathways. MR suggested COPD increases risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), acute appendicitis, and gastric ulcer, while diverticular disease showed reverse causality toward COPD. Smoking partially mediated the COPD effect on GERD, acute appendicitis, and gastric ulcer. COPD and multiple GI disorders share a distributed pleiotropic genetic basis within the broader systemic comorbidity spectrum of COPD. Multi-omics evidence supports a genomic pulmonary-intestinal axis in which lipid metabolism and smoking-related mechanisms contribute to COPD and GI comorbidity, providing targets for risk stratification and potential intervention. Show less

Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is considered a potential risk factor for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI); however, clinical evidence remains conflicting and the mechanisms are poorly understood. Amyloid-β (Aβ) progressively accumulates post-stroke and may drive PSCI pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate whether APOE4 worsens cognitive outcomes after ischemic stroke, with particular emphasis on its impact on Aβ pathology. We established a reproducible ischemic stroke model using the photothrombotic occlusion method in humanized APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement mice. Cognitive function was evaluated 28 days post-stroke by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Subsequently, infarct volume was quantified using Nissl staining, while immunofluorescence analyses were performed to assess neuronal loss, microglial activation and Aβ deposition in the peri-infarct region and ipsilateral hippocampus. Compared to APOE3 stroke mice, APOE4 stroke mice exhibited exacerbated cognitive deficits, alongside larger infarcts, greater neuronal loss, and heightened neuroinflammation. Critically, APOE4 stroke mice also showed significantly increased Aβ deposition. Correlation analyses revealed that the extent of Aβ accumulation in the hippocampal CA1 region was negatively correlated with cognitive performance. Additionally, Aβ deposition was positively correlated with microglial activation and neuronal loss. These findings suggest that APOE4 serves as an adverse risk factor for PSCI, potentially facilitating its progression through the elevation of Aβ accumulation, thereby providing a novel target for precise intervention. Show less

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε4 allele leads to increased Alzheimer disease risk and neuroinflammation and is also believed to play a role in postoperative delirium. However, the safety and feasibility of modulating apoE protein signaling to reduce postoperative neuroinflammation and delirium in older adults are unclear. To assess the safety and feasibility of the apoE mimetic peptide CN-105 for reducing delirium incidence and severity and neuroinflammation after noncardiac or nonintracranial surgery in older adults. This triple-blind, escalating dose, phase 2 randomized clinical trial enrolled patients from April 17, 2019, to December 28, 2022, at a tertiary academic medical center. Included patients were 60 years or older and scheduled for a noncardiac or nonintracranial surgery. Exclusion criteria were incarceration, planned chemotherapy within 6 weeks after surgery, or inability to undergo lumbar punctures. Data analyses were based on a modified intention-to-treat approach and were performed from August 14, 2023, to August 22, 2025. Patients were randomly assigned 3:1 to the CN-105 group or placebo group. The CN-105 group received intravenous CN-105 doses of 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg starting within 1 hour before surgery and administered every 6 hours afterward until hospital discharge or 13 doses were received. Patients in the placebo group followed the same administration schedule. The primary outcome was safety-the incidence and number of postoperative adverse events (AEs). Secondary outcomes included feasibility (rate of drug doses administered within 90 minutes of schedule), postoperative delirium incidence and severity, and postoperative changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine levels (interleukin [IL] 6, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor [G-CSF], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and IL-8). Among 203 enrolled patients, 186 (mean [SD] age, 68.7 [5.2] years; 119 males [64.0%]) were randomized (137 to the CN-105 group, 49 to the placebo group) and underwent surgery. The rates of grade 2 or higher AEs among patients in the CN-105 and placebo groups were 76.6% and 87.8% (relative risk [RR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76-1.00; P = .10). The CN-105 vs placebo group had fewer grade 2 or higher AEs per patient (median [IQR], 1 [1-3] vs 2 [1-5]; P = .03). The percentage of CN-105 doses administered within the time window was 94.6% (860 of 909; 95% CI, 92.9%-96.0%) in the CN-105 group and 93.8% (346 of 369; 95% CI, 90.8%-96.0%) in the placebo group. Among patients in the CN-105 vs placebo group, the postoperative delirium incidence was 19.3% vs 26.5% (odds ratio [OR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.31-1.42; P = .29); the median (IQR) postoperative delirium severity scores were 1 (1-2) vs 2 (1-2) (P = .19); and the median difference in preoperative to 24-hour postoperative CSF cytokine-level changes were as follows: -0.39 pg/mL (95% CI, -0.93 to 0.14 pg/mL, P = .12) for IL-6, -0.84 pg/mL (95% CI, -3.06 to 1.40 pg/mL; P = .18) for G-CSF,-23.32 pg/mL (95% CI, -94.36 to 44.93 pg/mL; P = .57) for IL-8, and -2.36 pg/mL (95% CI, -58.57 to 58.62 pg/mL; P = .50) for MCP-1. In this phase 2 randomized clinical trial of older surgical patients, CN-105 (vs placebo) administration was feasible and did not increase AEs. A phase 3 trial is warranted to further evaluate the efficacy of CN-105 for reducing postoperative AEs and to more precisely determine its effects on postoperative delirium incidence and severity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03802396. Show less

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease defined by its molecular hallmarks - amyloid beta peptide plaques and neurofibrillary Tau tangles. Despite significant progress that has been made in uncovering a large number of genetic risk factors through extensive genomic sequencing and genetic studies, the molecular mechanisms driving AD-associated pathology and cognitive decline remain poorly understood. Therefore, alongside the identification of more risk genes, it is also paramount to study how these genes function and influence each other within the cellular pathways and overall molecular networks in AD-relevant brain cell types. However, current human protein-protein interactome datasets were all generated in either yeast or generic human cell lines. Consequently, many important neuronal interactions, especially neuron-specific ones, have yet been discovered. To address this critical gap, we developed a highly scalable, high-quality interactome mapping pipeline in human excitatory neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and generated a comprehensive, neuron-specific interactome map, named ADNeuronNet, for key AD risk genes. ADNeuronNet consists of 1,767 high-confidence interactions among 1,189 proteins and is the only dataset enriched with neuron-specific genes when compared to known protein interactions, including previous large-scale interactome maps, for the same baits in the literature. Within ADNeuronNet, we identified 1,375 novel interactions, many of which are likely neuron specific. For example, we identified a neuron-specific interactor, RIN2, for major AD risk factor BIN1 and confirmed RIN2's function in recruiting BIN1 to RAB5 positive early endosomes, a process that has been well-associated with AD etiology. Additionally, we performed quantitative interaction perturbation analyses on AD risk genes with AD-associated mutations or isoforms and identified significant changes in 99 protein interactions among 11 different protein variants. Finally, we found that subunits from the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), another novel BIN1 interactors identified by ADNeuronNet, mediated modulation of Tau-aggregation in neurons via regulation of APOE expression, uncovering a previously unrecognized BIN1-APC/C-APOE regulatory axis in AD pathobiology. In summary, these findings illustrate how our neuron-specific ADNeuronNet can be leveraged to uncover new risk gene candidates and cellular pathways that help advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying AD etiology. Show less

High levels of peripheral serotonin, produced in the gut, are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and bone loss. We previously found that vascular smooth muscle and valvular cells express serotonin receptors, predominantly type 2A (HTR-2A) at baseline and type 2B (HTR-2B) upon TNF-a stimulation. Serotonin treatment augmented TNF-a-induced matrix calcification, whereas the inhibitor of gut serotonin, LP533401, blunted the initiation, but not the progression, of cardiovascular calcification in Apoe Show less

The rare APOE3-Christchurch (APOE3Ch) variant is linked to resistance against PSEN1 p.E280A-driven autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies in AD mouse models have demonstrated an effect of APOE3Ch in reducing tau pathology and tau propagation, yet its effects on amyloid pathology and related toxicity are not fully understood. While prior studies have reported reduced amyloid pathology with APOE3Ch, we extended this knowledge by investigating how astrocyte-specific expression of APOE3Ch impacts amyloid pathology and related responses in 5xFAD mice, an amyloid mouse model. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery, we overexpressed APOE3 or APOE3Ch in astrocytes of 5xFAD mice at the neonatal stage, then analyzed their effects during the advanced stage of amyloid pathology. Astrocytic APOE expression significantly reduced amyloid burden, neuritic dystrophy, and gliosis compared to GFP controls. Notably, astrocytic APOE3Ch expression, relative to APOE3, markedly lowered oligomeric Aβ levels and promoted the formation of more compact, fibrillar plaques, suggesting a shift toward a less toxic aggregation profile. Transcriptomic profiling of cortical tissue revealed broad downregulation of immune-related and proteostatic pathways. These findings indicate that astrocytic APOE3Ch sufficiently attenuates Aβ pathology and related toxicity, supporting its potential as a therapeutic modifier for AD. Show less

Periodontitis is implicated in a range of systemic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory disorders. Emerging evidence suggests a link between periodontal infection, inflammation, and the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper aimed to systematically review observational studies examining the association of periodontal pathogens and their inflammatory products with AD neurodegeneration. The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO - No. CRD42020150043). Methods followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search (PubMed/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, grey literature) was conducted until September 2025 with no language or date restrictions. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted data. The risk of bias was assessed via the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Exposures (ROBINS‑E) tool. Of 1,421 identified citations, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Participant numbers ranged from 349 to 2,191, and ages ranged from 40 to 90 years old. Meta‑analysis was not feasible due to methodological heterogeneity. Risk of bias was moderate in five studies and serious in three. Findings indicated that higher serum IgG antibodies to periodontal pathogens and elevated inflammatory mediators, notably tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF‑α), correlated with greater cognitive decline and markers of AD neurodegeneration, including MRI outcomes and APOE ε4 status. In conclusion, the current body of evidence suggests a potential association between periodontitis‑related inflammatory mediators, particularly TNF‑α, and elevated antibody responses to periodontal pathogens with AD progression. However, causality remains unestablished. Future prospective cohort and interventional studies are warranted to clarify the role of periodontal infection and inflammation in AD and to guide clinical strategies that may improve outcomes in AD populations. Show less

Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarker and genetic testing results are increasingly disclosed to cognitively unimpaired adults in research and could in the future inform clinical treatment decisions in this population. To assess psychological outcomes after returning 3 categories of amyloid biomarker results as well as apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes. This cohort study was a secondary analysis of data collected as part of screening for the multisite AHEAD preclinical AD trial. Participants were individuals aged 55 to 80 years undergoing screening from July 14, 2020, to October 15, 2024. Participants were informed whether they had not-detected, intermediate, or elevated amyloid positron emission tomography levels, as well as their APOE genotype, which were categorized as noncarrier, ε4 heterozygote, or ε4 homozygote. Impact of Events Scale (IES; 15 items to assess intrusive thoughts and avoidance; each item is scored as not at all [0], rarely [1], sometimes [3], or often [5]; total range, 0-75), collected 24 to 72 hours after disclosure, and change in a scale measuring concerns about AD dementia (adapted scale using 6 items in which participants indicated their level of agreement with statements related to their perceived probability of developing AD dementia; items scored as strongly disagree [1] through strongly agree [5]; total range, 6-30), calculated by subtracting the score collected before biomarker testing from 1 collected after biomarker and genetic test results disclosure. Among 3414 included individuals, the mean (SD) age was 68.8 (6.0) years and 2116 (62%) were female. Group mean IES scores were below clinically significant thresholds. Nevertheless, across genetic groups, learning an elevated amyloid result (1184 participants) was associated with higher IES (mean [SD], 10.5 [10.9]) than intermediate amyloid (482 participants; mean [SD] IES, 8.8 [9.8]), and intermediate amyloid was associated with higher scores than not-detected amyloid (1748 participants; mean [SD] IES, 6.5 [8.4]). Across amyloid groups, learning APOE ε4 homozygosity (337 participants) was associated with higher mean (SD) IES (12.7 [11.6]) than heterozygosity (1609 participants; 9.1 [10.2]), and heterozygosity was associated with higher IES than noncarrier status (1468 participants; mean [SD] IES, 6.2 [8.1]). Both types of information were significant in an analysis of covariance model; no interaction effect was observed. In contrast, only biomarker disclosure was associated with differential change in concerns about AD dementia. Those with elevated amyloid showed a mean (SD) increase in concern (0.8 [3.5]), those with intermediate amyloid showed a smaller increase (0.4 [3.7]), and those with not-detected amyloid showed decreased concerns (-1.1 [4.2]). In this cohort study of cognitively unimpaired adults, associations with intrusive thoughts were observed to differ among genetic and biomarker subgroups; such associations were limited to biomarker subgroups for measures of perceived dementia risk. Show less

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder driven by complex interactions between neuroinflammation, immune dysregulation, metabolic impairment, and disrupted synaptic plasticity. Emerging evidence highlights maladaptive microglial activation, chronic cytokine signaling (including IL-1β, TNF- Show less

Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) has been implicated in vascular inflammation beyond its action on LDL-C degradation. We investigated whether PCSK9 may exacerbate proinflammatory signaling of M1 macrophages and if its neutralization with alirocumab could attenuate this effect and plaque progression by LDL-C independent mechanisms. ApoE Alirocumab reduced plaque lesion (0.42-fold; PCSK9 may be released in parallel to proinflammatory factors such as hsCRP and FGF-23 in patients with ACS, independently of LDL-C levels. PCSK9 may directly promote macrophage-driven inflammatory responses through the TLR4-NFκB-NLRP3 signaling, but its neutralization with alirocumab attenuated this inflammatory axis and limited atherosclerotic progression, supporting an anti-inflammatory benefit secondary to PCSK9 inhibition. Show less

Clusterin, a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in proteostasis, amyloid-β clearance, and neuroinflammation, has been proposed as a biomarker in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its stage-specific links to brain structure, tau pathology, and cognition remain unclear. This study evaluated plasma clusterin across the AD spectrum, its associations with brain volumes and CSF tau/p-tau, and whether structural brain measures mediate its cognitive effects. Data from 333 participants (CN = 38, MCI = 207, AD = 88) were analyzed using FDR-corrected regression, Pearson correlations, and mediation analyses, adjusting for demographic factors and APOE ɛ4 status. Results showed that plasma clusterin was highest in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to cognitively normal (CN) and AD, suggesting a peak during early neurodegeneration. In CN participants, higher clusterin was associated with lower whole-brain volume, but it was not significantly related to hippocampal volumes or tau/p-tau. In MCI, clusterin was modestly associated with reduced whole-brain volume and elevated CSF tau, while associations with hippocampal volumes and p-tau were nonsignificant. In AD, higher clusterin was significantly associated with smaller left and right hippocampal volumes, with a trend toward lower whole-brain volume; no significant associations with tau or p-tau were observed. Based on the mediation analysis, in CN participants, no significant mediation effects of brain volumes were observed between plasma clusterin and cognitive function. In the MCI group, higher plasma clusterin was associated with lower whole-brain volume, and this volumetric measure showed significant indirect effects linking plasma clusterin to cognitive performance, consistent with indirect-only (full mediation) patterns. This suggests an indirect association whereby higher clusterin may be linked to poorer cognitive function through its association with reduced global brain volume. Likewise, in the AD group, higher clusterin levels were associated with lower whole-brain and right hippocampal volumes. Both measures significantly mediated the relationship between clusterin and cognitive performance, indicating that higher clusterin may be linked to poorer cognitive function through its association with reductions in global and region-specific brain volumes. Future studies should clarify the temporal and mechanistic pathways linking clusterin to neurodegeneration to determine its value as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Show less

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype switching plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the subtypes of VSMC transdifferentiation and their impact on AS progression and atherosclerotic plaque instability remains unclear. We reanalysed scRNA-seq datasets of GSE155513 and GSE253903 and performed single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) in three transcriptome datasets from unstable plaques to determine the major subtypes contributing the most to plaque instability. Using high-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis (hdWGCNA), we identified hub genes in macrophage (MP)-like smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of unstable plaques. We conducted cell communication analysis according to tensin1 (TNS1) gene levels in VSMCs. TNS1 expression was analysed in human AS plaques. Finally, an AS model was established in VSMC-specific Tns1 knockout ApoE MP-like SMC was identified as the key subtype for plaque instability. hdWGCNA analysis for MP-like SMC identified blue module as the key gene module involved in unstable plaques. Decreased TNS1 expression in VSMCs was positively correlated with the down-regulation of contractile VSMC marker genes, SRF and MYCOD genes, negatively correlated with the up-regulation of CD68 and KLF4 genes, and activated VCAM, PDGF, THBS and CXCL signalling pathways. TNS1 mRNA expression levels were lower in human atherosclerotic arteries than in healthy arteries, and even lower in unstable plaques than in early and stable plaques. TNS1 protein levels in VSMCs were lower in human atherosclerotic plaques than in healthy arteries, and even lower in advanced plaques than in early plaques. VSMC-specific Tns1 gene deficiency aggravated AS progression and enhanced plaque instability with increased MP-like SMC transdifferentiation. The reduction of TNS1 gene in VSMCs might drive contractile VSMC transdifferentiation into MP-like SMC, the major subtype contributing to plaque instability. In vivo experimental results confirmed the role of Tns1 gene in contractile VSMC transdifferentiation into MP-like SMC and plaque instability. Show less

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease whose complex cellular pathophysiology is studied using various mouse models. To systematically evaluate their fidelity, we performed cross-species single-cell RNA sequencing, integrating data from human aortic dissection with five mouse models (BAPN, Ang-II, Ang-II apoE Show less

The fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression, primarily through mechanisms involving carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Aberrant FGFR1 signalling has been implicated in various cancers, including lung, breast, neck and urothelial carcinoma. Despite the recognized oncogenic potential of FGFR1, therapeutic strategies targeting its kinase domain remain inadequately explored. This underscores an urgent need for the development of novel FGFR1 inhibitors, particularly through de novo drug design approaches, to effectively counteract FGFR1-driven malignancies. This research aims to develop novel FGFR1 inhibitors through a multi-step approach involving fragment-based drug design, virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation (MD) and density functional theory studies (DFT), with the goal of targeting FGFR1's kinase binding domain to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Initially, known FGFR inhibitor molecules were retrieved and subjected to fragment-based drug designing and virtual screening. Through thorough analysis, molecules containing the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold were identified as promising candidates. A pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-based database containing 90,952 molecules was subsequently retrieved from PubChem and filtered using molecular docking-based virtual screening resulting 94 molecules having better binding affinity than derazantinib, reference drug. After pharmacokinetic profiling (ADME), and MM-GBSA (Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area) studies, out of 94 molecules only 11 compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and superior MM-GBSA binding free energies were selected. Docking-based screening revealed that selected 11 compounds demonstrated better binding scores than the reference drug, derazantinib. Among them, HIT1, was selected for 150ns molecular dynamics simulation to assess its conformational stability. DFT calculations further confirmed its bio-feasibility by analyzing the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Overall, the selected lead compounds exhibited enhanced binding affinity, superior conformational stability, favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles compared to derazantinib. Present findings suggest that the identified hit molecules hold strong potential for inhibiting FGFR1's kinase domain and disrupting FGFR-associated tumor angiogenesis. Show less

Alzheimer's disease prediction using genomic data remains challenging due to the high dimensionality of whole-genome sequencing data and the complex relationships between genetic variants. We developed DuAL-Net (Dual Approach Local-global Network), a hybrid framework that integrates local genomic window analysis with global annotation-based modeling to prioritize disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). As a proof of concept, we applied DuAL-Net to 14,094 SNPs within the Show less

The choroid plexus (CP), known for producing cerebrospinal fluid, is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroimaging studies document structural CP alterations in aging and AD. One such alteration, calcium deposition, increases with age and is typically considered benign, though the mechanism and clinical significance of CP calcification remain uncertain. Given established association between peripheral vascular calcification and cardiovascular risk, we hypothesized that the volume of calcium within CP would correlate with systemic cardiovascular health. Based on prior findings of APOEε4-specific associations between CP calcium and neurodegeneration, participants were stratified by APOEε4 status, a strong genetic risk factor for AD also implicated in cardiovascular disease. In this retrospective analysis of 105 adults (mean age 58.9 years; 39 APOEε4+), we examined whether CP calcium correlates with cardiovascular risk in cognitively normal adults. CP calcium was quantified using a previously validated MRI-CT method. Spearman correlations assessed the association of CP calcium and Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score (FCRS), as well as individual cardiovascular risk factors. Overall, CP calcium was not associated with FCRS. Among APOEε4- subjects, CP calcium correlated positively with FCRS ( Show less

Blood-based biomarkers are increasingly used to characterize Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology, yet substantial heterogeneity exists in how biomarker burden relates to cognitive performance. Grip strength, a marker of frailty and functional reserve, may modify this relationship. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 348 participants from the Aging Adult Brain Connectome (AABC) study. Global cognition was assessed using the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC). Plasma biomarkers included phosphorylated tau-217 (pTau Show less

Genetic polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility across different ethnic groups is highly imperetive. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the role of genetic polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility across different ethnic groups. Participants were tested for variations in LDLR, APOE and LPL genes and their association with cardiovascular risk factors such as cholesterol levels and blood pressure was examined. Data shows ethnic differences in the prevalence of these polymorphisms, suggesting that genetic factors contribute to CVD risk in a population-specific manner. Thus, we show the need for personalized cardiovascular risk assessment strategies. The ethnic-specific distribution of genetic polymorphisms (LDLR, APOE and LPL) linked to cardiovascular disease susceptibility, highlighting the need for personalized cardiovascular risk assessment strategies based on genetic and ethnic factors is highlighted. Show less

Disruption of brain glucose and lipid metabolism contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and often emerges before clinical symptoms. Women are at elevated AD risk due to menopause-associated estrogen decline, which impairs mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism. Women's risk of AD is further elevated by the APOE4 allele, the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. To investigate the impact of APOE3/3 mice exhibited dynamic regulation of brain metabolic systems that supported postmenopausal bioenergetic demand. In contrast, APOE3/4 and APOE4/4 mice displayed accelerated and altered metabolic shifts, resulting in postmenopausal amino acid depletion, reduced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, lipid accumulation, and alterations in brain lipid composition. A single APOE4 allele was sufficient to impair metabolic adaptation, while APOE4 homozygosity resulted in greater severity of deficits. Outcomes of these analyses revealed that APOE4 accelerated menopause-related metabolic decline and compromised bioenergetic adaptation, providing a mechanistic basis for increased AD susceptibility and earlier onset in APOE4-positive women. Show less

This study induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats, analyzing perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) via whole transcriptome sequencing to identify key mRNAs in DN pathogenesis. Type-2 diabetes was induced in SD rats, evaluating metabolic and renal indicators. Whole transcriptome sequencing identified differentially expressed RNAs in PRAT. CeRNA networks, PPI networks, and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed key mRNAs linked to physiological indicators in DN. This study explores correlations between mRNAs and health parameters, shedding light on the complex interplay in type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced nephropathy. SD rats with type-2 diabetes exhibited insulin resistance, elevated blood glucose, disrupted lipid metabolism, and renal dysfunction. PRAT weight was higher in T2DM rats, and immunohistochemistry revealed distinct renal injury. Transcriptome sequencing identified 476 DE-mRNAs, 79 DE-miRNAs, 200 DE-lncRNAs, and 10 DE-circRNAs. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network comprised 159 lncRNAs, 62 miRNAs, and 138 mRNAs, whereas the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network included 76 mRNAs, 27 miRNAs, and 10 circRNAs. Key mRNAs (Lpl, Elovl6, Dgat2, Acaca, and Acly) were associated with 10 classical pathways according to IPA. Notably, all key mRNAs showed a negative correlation with blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, proteinuria, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), and a positive correlation with urine creatinine and HDL-C. Our study successfully established a T2DM model in SD rats and identified five key mRNAs, elucidating the role of PRAT in DN. These findings lay a scientific foundation for future investigations into DN. Show less

Substance use disorders (SUDs) present a global health challenge with high relapse rates. Emerging evidence implicates gut microbiota dysbiosis in SUD pathophysiology via the gut-brain axis. This 24-week randomized controlled trial investigated whether precision exercise interventions could modulate the gut microbiota-emotion axis to improve psychological outcomes in individuals undergoing compulsory drug rehabilitation. Thirty male participants were randomized to a precision exercise group (n = 15; individualized aerobic + resistance training, 4-5 sessions/week) or control group (n = 15; standard rehabilitation activities). Multi-dimensional assessments included weekly fecal (16S rRNA sequencing), urine (SCFAs via GC-MS), and saliva samples (cortisol, serotonin, BDNF via ELISA), alongside psychological evaluations (SCL-90-R, POMS) and physiological measures. The exercise group exhibited significant increases in gut microbial diversity (Shannon index: +18.2%, p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 2.14) and enrichment of beneficial taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium; LDA >3.5). Urinary SCFAs increased markedly (butyrate: 3.12-fold, p < 0.001), correlating with elevated salivary BDNF (+82%, p < 0.001) and reduced cortisol (-41.1%, p < 0.001). Psychological outcomes improved substantially: SCL-90-R Global Severity Index decreased by 43.3% (p < 0.001), and 78.6% of exercise participants achieved clinically meaningful improvement. Machine learning models predicted treatment response (AUC = 0.91) using baseline microbiome features. Precision exercise restores gut microbiota homeostasis, enhances neuroactive metabolite production, and improves emotional regulation in SUD recovery. The gut microbiota-emotion axis represents a viable target for non-pharmacological interventions, with microbiome profiles enabling personalized treatment strategies. Show less

To determine whether long-term residential air pollution [AP; ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅)] is associated with (1) incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), (2) biomarkers of core and AD-relevant pathology, and (3) whether these relationships are moderated by APOE4+/- (carrier/non-carrier of one or both ε4 alleles) status or mediated by neuroinflammation. Sample included 795 participants (Mage 68.7 ± 7.9; 68% female) from the Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention parent studies, both enriched for AD risk at enrollment based on parental AD history. Residential zip code and 2009–2021 EPA-based annual AP reports were used to estimate individual exposure. Cox proportional hazards models assessed MCI/AD risk. Linear regressions examined the relationships between AP exposure and biomarkers of core and AD-relevant pathology, with and without APOE4 + stratification. Causal mediation analysis examined whether markers of inflammation mediated the AP-AD pathology relationships. Neither O₃ nor PM₂.₅ exposure predicted MCI/AD incidence nor core AD pathology (Ps > 0.05). Higher PM₂.₅ was associated with higher CSF GFAP levels ( Show less

Pharmacological activation of brain Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs) enhances cognition and facilitates amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models, partly by upregulating apolipoprotein E ( Show less

Etamsylate, a commonly used clinical hemostatic agent, may cause false decreases in biochemical test results through inhibition of enzymatic activity or interference with chromogenic reactions. However, insufficient research on its interference mechanisms and correction methods increases the risk of clinical misjudgment. Serum samples were collected from three patients treated with etamsylate and analyzed using the Roche Cobas 8000 c701 automated biochemical analyzer. Samples were tested at undiluted (0-fold), 3-fold, 5-fold, and 10-fold dilution gradients to evaluate drug interference characteristics and the efficacy of dilution-based correction. Among the 46 routine biochemical assays evaluated, etamsylate exhibited significant negative interference on 12 parameters, including creatinine (CREA), albumin (ALB), and cholyglycine (CG). The interference diminished linearly with increasing dilution factors, demonstrating a dose-dependent recovery trend. CG demonstrated the most pronounced changes. No significant interference was observed for 12 other tests, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Following dilution, six parameters, including apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2), and apolipoprotein B (APOB), exhibited a paradoxical decrease in assay results, suggesting the presence of distinct interference mechanisms. The dilution method can effectively correct the false decrease interference of etamsylate on biochemical detection. However, it is necessary to optimize the dilution factors to avoid loss of sensitivity. It is recommended that laboratories establish a drug interference database, standardize the gradient dilution process, and promote multi-disciplinary collaboration to optimize the detection system. Show less

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism, contributing to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Though lifestyle interventions such as a low-fat diet (LFD), treadmill (TM) exercise, and time-restricted feeding (TRF) reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, their combined effects on hepatic lipid composition and lipid metabolism-related gene regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the individual and combined effects of LFD, TM, and/or TRF on liver function, comprehensive hepatic lipidomics, and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in diet-induced obese mice, thereby extending our previous work through detailed lipid class-specific analyses and assessment of interactive intervention effects. Among all interventions, LFD led to the greatest weight loss and normalized plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Combined interventions, including TM and TRF, reduced markers of liver damage even under continued HFD conditions compared to HFD alone. LFD with TRF and/or TM decreased the expression of lipogenic genes (Srebf1, Lxrα, Apoe), while expression of genes further involved in lipid synthesis (Fasn and Hmgcr) tended to be increased when TM was combined with either LFD or HFD. β-oxidation-related genes (Ppara, Acox1, Cpt1a) were most downregulated in the LFD groups vs. the HFD + TM group, likely representing a metabolic adaptation to increased lipid mobilization. For the first time, lipidomics analysis demonstrated that in particular LFD alone or in combination with TM most effectively increased sphingomyelin (SM) and dihydrosphingomyelin (DHSM) as well as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), potentially reflecting compensatory lipid remodeling. Taken together, these findings highlight distinct and additive effects of combined lifestyle interventions on hepatic lipid composition and gene regulation, clearly delineating the novel contributions of the present study and supporting combined dietary and physical strategies as potential approaches to improve hepatic lipid homeostasis and mitigate MASLD development. Show less