Base editors can correct disease-causing genetic variants. After a neonate had received a diagnosis of severe carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency, a disease with an estimated 50% mortality in Show more
Base editors can correct disease-causing genetic variants. After a neonate had received a diagnosis of severe carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency, a disease with an estimated 50% mortality in early infancy, we immediately began to develop a customized lipid nanoparticle-delivered base-editing therapy. After regulatory approval had been obtained for the therapy, the patient received two infusions at approximately 7 and 8 months of age. In the 7 weeks after the initial infusion, the patient was able to receive an increased amount of dietary protein and a reduced dose of a nitrogen-scavenger medication to half the starting dose, without unacceptable adverse events and despite viral illnesses. No serious adverse events occurred. Longer follow-up is warranted to assess safety and efficacy. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.). Show less
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes, resulting in severe vision loss. Traction retinal detachment (TRD) is the main factor affecting the effect of proliferative dia Show more
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes, resulting in severe vision loss. Traction retinal detachment (TRD) is the main factor affecting the effect of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) surgery. Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was adopted to analyze the proteomes of the vitreous in the TRD, vitreous hemorrhage (VH) and macular hole (MH) groups. By employing bioinformatics tools for GO and KEGG pathway annotation, as well as conducting protein-protein interaction(PPI) network analysis, we investigated the functional enrichment of proteins in the TRD vitreous and their associated pathways. Additionally, peptide center analysis was performed on the proteomic data to identify key differentially expressed proteins based on screening results. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DEPs is mainly enriched in the complement, the coagulation cascade systems and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The protein interaction network analysis showed that the central proteins were mainly related to sphingolipid metabolism. APOA4, CHI3L1, LTBP2 were significantly up-regulated in TRD, which were related to the complement system, coagulation cascade and platelet activation, sphingolipid metabolism and other pathways. APOA4 and CHI3L1 protein in patients with TRD group raised significantly in the vitreous humor, shows the potential biomarkers for TRD. Show less
Cancer persists as one of the most formidable global public health crises and socioeconomic burdens of our era, compelling the scientific community to develop innovative and diversified therapeutic mo Show more
Cancer persists as one of the most formidable global public health crises and socioeconomic burdens of our era, compelling the scientific community to develop innovative and diversified therapeutic modalities to revolutionize clinical management and enhance patient outcomes. The recent seminal discovery by Swamynathan et al. has unveiled menadione, a vitamin K precursor, as a potent inducer of triaptosis-a novel regulated cell death pathway mediated through the oxidative modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PIK3C3/VPS34. This mechanistically distinct cell death paradigm, characterized by its intimate association with endosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress-induced cellular catastrophe, has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic efficacy in preclinical prostate cancer models, outperforming conventional therapeutic regimens and emerging as a potential paradigm-shifting strategy in oncology. This comprehensive review provides a critical synthesis of the triaptosis discovery landscape, elucidating its molecular intricacies and pathophysiological implications. We systematically examine the multifaceted roles of endosomal biology in oncogenesis and tumor progression, while offering a nuanced perspective on redox homeostasis in malignant cells and the therapeutic potential of oxidative stress modulation. Furthermore, we address the inherent dichotomy of oxidative stress induction in cancer therapy, balancing its therapeutic promise against potential adverse effects. Looking toward the horizon of cancer research, we explore transformative therapeutic strategies leveraging triaptosis induction and its potential applications beyond oncology, aiming to catalyze a new era of precision medicine that ultimately enhances patient survival and quality of life. Show less
Low physical activity (LPA) is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathologies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of several noncommunicable diseases relating to LPA. Using the Show more
Low physical activity (LPA) is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathologies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of several noncommunicable diseases relating to LPA. Using the 2021 Global Burden of Disease data set, we modelled LPA-related disease burdens across 204 countries and territories, quantifying mortality counts, age-standardised mortality rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for five noncommunicable diseases. We conducted multivariable stratification analyses to assess variations by gender, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles. We used age-period-cohort modelling to project burden trajectories, while applying counterfactual decomposition frameworks to delineate synergistic interactions between LPA and risk factors. We found that LPA accounted for 555 101 related deaths globally in 2021 across the five studied pathologies, mostly among individuals aged 60-94 years. Association between LPA-related disease burden and SDI followed a U-shaped distribution across regions and diseases. Among individuals aged 60-89 years, LPA-related deaths were significantly higher in women than in men, indicating a disproportionate burden on elderly females. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) trends stabilised in low- and middle-SDI regions but declined significantly in high-SDI regions, underscoring global health disparities. From 2007 to 2011, LPA DALYs and mortality risk ratios for IHD, stroke, and lower extremity peripheral arterial disease declined from >1 to <1, whereas diabetes mellitus exhibited an opposite trend, highlighting LPA's persistent and significant impact on diabetes-related morbidity. Demographic shifts and epidemiological transitions were primary drivers of LPA-related disease burden across five pathologies. In high-SDI regions, epidemiological changes predominated, whereas population growth was a key factor in low- and middle-SDI regions. Synergistic interaction of these factors with LPA is projected to substantially amplify future disease burden. Physical activity should be increased among elderly women to address health risks associated with LPA. Likewise, urgent public health interventions are needed for LPA-related diabetes. As IHD burden rises in low- and middle-SDI regions, vascular disease care strategies require optimisation. Moreover, high-SDI regions should strengthen nationwide physical activity promotion, while low- and middle-SDI areas must enhance healthcare infrastructure and manage population growth to reduce LPA-related disease burdens. Show less
Twenty types of GABAergic interneurons form intricate networks to fine-tune neural circuits in the brain. Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons, which are the two la Show more
Twenty types of GABAergic interneurons form intricate networks to fine-tune neural circuits in the brain. Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons, which are the two largest populations of neocortical interneurons, innervate the soma and/or proximal dendrites, and distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons, respectively. Using PV- and SST-specific knockout mouse models, we show that PV+ interneurons require FGFR2, which responds to FGF7, to drive PV+ inhibitory presynaptic maturation on perisomatic regions of Layer V pyramidal neurons. In contrast, SST+ interneurons rely on both FGFR1 and FGFR2, which respond to FGF10 or FGF22, to promote SST+ inhibitory presynaptic maturation on distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in cortical Layer I. Mechanistically, FGF-FGFR signaling sustains VGAT protein levels in interneurons through PP2A and Akt pathways. Together, these findings demonstrate that distinct FGF ligand-receptor combinations regulate inhibitory presynaptic differentiation by PV+ and SST+ interneurons, contributing to the formation of compartment-specific synaptic patterns. Show less
The STAT3 pathway promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion and metastasis in cancer. STAT3 upregulates the transcription of the key epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcripti Show more
The STAT3 pathway promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion and metastasis in cancer. STAT3 upregulates the transcription of the key epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factor SNAIL in a DNA binding-independent manner. However, the mechanism by which STAT3 is recruited to the SNAIL promoter to upregulate its expression is still elusive. In our study, the lysine methylation binding protein L3MBTL3 is positively associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in female patients with breast cancer. L3MBTL3 also promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in breast cancer. Mechanistic analysis reveals that L3MBTL3 interacts with STAT3 and recruits STAT3 to the SNAIL promoter to increase SNAIL transcription levels. The interaction between L3MBTL3 and STAT3 is required for SNAIL transcription upregulation and metastasis in breast cancer, while the methylated lysine binding activity of L3MBTL3 is not required for these functions. In conclusion, L3MBTL3 and STAT3 synergistically upregulate SNAIL expression to promote breast cancer metastasis. Show less
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease linked to oxidative stress and lipid imbalance, remains a major cardiovascular threat. Traditional herbs Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctori Show more
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease linked to oxidative stress and lipid imbalance, remains a major cardiovascular threat. Traditional herbs Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius exhibit multi-target anti-AS potential, yet their compositional complexity limits clinical translation. This study aimed to systematically identify core anti-AS components from these herbs and enhance their anti-AS efficacy via machine learning-aided screening and nanotechnology-driven codelivery. We initially pioneered a machine learning-aided hybrid strategy integrating network pharmacology and quantitative activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to identify four core anti-AS polyphenols (i.e., salvianic acid A, salvianolic acid B, protocatechuic acid, and hydroxysafflor yellow A). Subsequently, a quaternary metal-phenolic network (SSPH-MPN) was engineered for plaque-targeted codelivery, optimized via the median-effect principle for achieving a synergistic effect based on ROS scavenging efficacy. The optimized SSPH-MPN was characterized by a series of studies, including molecular dynamics simulations, UV, DLS, TEM, FTIR, XPS, and ICP-MS. The anti-AS effect of the optimized SSPH-MPN was evaluated by monitoring oxidative status (ROS levels, antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, T-AOC), inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), lipid metabolism (DiI-oxLDL uptake, cholesterol efflux, blood lipid levels, lipid accumulation), and plaque areas. The results demonstrated that the optimized SSPH-MPN showed great efficiency in inhibiting lipid uptake and accumulation, and mediating cholesterol efflux in RAW 264.7 cells, and exhibited improved lipid metabolism, attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation, thus acquired diminished plaque area in apoE Show less
Background Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia and rearrangement of FGFR1(MLN-FGFR1), also referred to as 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS), arises from aberrant FGFR1 gene rearrangement Show more
Background Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia and rearrangement of FGFR1(MLN-FGFR1), also referred to as 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS), arises from aberrant FGFR1 gene rearrangement in bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in the transformation of myeloid/lymphoid cells into neoplastic growths. The clinical and laboratory features of affected individuals are influenced by the specific partner genes. Purpose This article aims to report a case of MLN-FGFR1 involving a novel CNTRL::FGFR1 splicing variant and to discuss its clinicopathological characteristics and treatment challenges. Methods/Results We report a case of MLN-FGFR1 in a 35-year-old male patient presenting with leukocytosis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and a mixed population of B lymphoblasts, T lymphoblasts, and monoblasts in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Comprehensive molecular profiling, including chromosomal karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), targeted transcriptome sequencing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Sanger sequencing, identified a novel splicing variant of the CNTRL::FGFR1 fusion, resulting from a t(8;9)(p11;q33) translocation. This novel splicing variant involves an in-frame fusion between exon 38 of CNTRL and exon 11 of FGFR1, retaining the kinase domain of FGFR1 and leading to its constitutive activation. Despite multiple treatment regimens, the patient failed to achieve complete remission (CR). Conclusion The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted therapies, such as FGFR inhibitors, to improve outcomes in patients with FGFR1-rearranged malignancies. Show less
Abnormal lipid accumulation is an important cause of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) progression and can induce several stress responses within cells. This study is the fi Show more
Abnormal lipid accumulation is an important cause of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) progression and can induce several stress responses within cells. This study is the first to explore the role and molecular mechanism of stress granules (SGs) in MAFLD. A gene knock-down model of G3BP1, a core SG molecule in mice and HepG2 cells, was constructed to explore the role of SGs in MAFLD induced in vivo by a high-fat diet or in vitro by palmitic acid (PA). Methods included metabolic phenotyping; western blotting; qPCR; and immunofluorescence, haematoxylin/eosin and masson staining. The downstream molecules of G3BP1 and its specific molecular mechanism were screened using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). G3BP1 and TIA1 expression were upregulated in high-fat diet-fed mouse liver tissues and PA-induced HepG2 cells, and the two molecules showed significantly increased colocalisation. G3BP1 knock-down slightly increased TIA1 expression in the livers of obese mice but not in lean mice. G3BP1 deficiency aggravated liver lipid deposition and insulin resistance in obese mice, and this phenotype was confirmed in vitro in PA-induced hepatocytes. RNA-seq demonstrated that G3BP1 slowed down MAFLD progression by inhibiting APOC3, possibly through a mechanistic suppression of APOC3 entry into the nucleus. This study reveals for the first time a protective role for SGs in MAFLD. Specifically, knocking down the core G3BP1 molecule in SGs aggravated the progression of fatty acid-induced MAFLD through a mechanism that may involve the nuclear entry of APOC3. These findings provide a new therapeutic direction for MAFLD. Show less
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most serious cardiovascular diseases in the world. Nevertheless, the majority of diagnostic procedures conducted subsequent to the illness do not provide any m Show more
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most serious cardiovascular diseases in the world. Nevertheless, the majority of diagnostic procedures conducted subsequent to the illness do not provide any means to prevent several risks associated with MI. Blood and urine tests are frequently employed in clinical examinations to detect cardiovascular diseases at an early stage. Mendelian randomization (MR) is commonly employed to explore disease-trait relationships and uncover therapeutic targets. Our goal was to explore the genetic links between 35 blood and urine biomarkers and MI. Blood and urine biomarker MR correlations with MI risk were studied. In version R10, the UK Biobank and Finnish databases included blood and urine marker data and MI data (26,060 cases and 343,079 controls). We performed bidirectional 2-sample MR with 4 methods: inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode. Final causal associations were determined by inverse variance weighted. Sensitivity analyses (heterogeneity, pleiotropy) were conducted. MR-PRESSO and PhenoScanner were used to exclude invalid instruments. We used multivariate MR to filter the most important genes without including other positive genes. To identify positive gene pathways and gene networks that cause MI, we employed GeneMANIA for gene prediction. The findings revealed a positive genetic association between the 8 blood and urine biomarker levels and an elevated risk of MI. There are apolipoprotein B (APOB), glycated hemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, sex hormone-binding globulin, triglycerides, and urate. Moreover, APOB, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol selectively affect MI through the rejection of other positive gene stems. Finally, APOB and numerous genes strongly impact MI development. APOB collaborates with related genes to regulate plasma lipoprotein particle levels, sterol homeostasis, organization, lipid homeostasis, and remodeling in MI. Our research further reveals the causal relationship between MI and blood/urine biomarkers, providing a new perspective for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of MI. Blood and urine marker tests can subsequently be conducted based on these results to detect MI and study the underlying mechanisms linking these metabolites to MI. Show less
Multiple cancers are driven by aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-linked angiogenesis. Several therapeutic agents targe Show more
Multiple cancers are driven by aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-linked angiogenesis. Several therapeutic agents targeting FGFR and VEGFR have been developed and approved for use in solid cancers; however, there is still a high unmet medical need for new agents that have a more powerful antitumor activity and a broader antitumor spectrum. Here, we report the discovery of FH-2001, a novel and potent FGFR/VEGFR dual inhibitor, with additional activity of modulating programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) gene expression. In biochemical assays, FH-2001 showed potent inhibition of FGFR1, 2, 3, and 4, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, and 2.0 nM, respectively, and VEGFR1, 2, and 3, with IC 50 values of 2.0, 0.3, and 0.5 nM, respectively. FH-2001 significantly suppressed the cell growth of FGFR- or VEGFR-driven cancer cell lines. In representative cell line- and patient-derived tumor xenografts with aberrant FGFR or VEGFR signaling, FH-2001 substantially inhibited tumor growth. Furthermore, FH-2001 demonstrated marked antitumor activities when treated alone or combined with PD-L1 or PD-1 antibody in syngeneic mouse models. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that FH-2001 alone or in combination with anti-PD-L1 increased T and natural killer cells and decreased myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, FH-2001 treatment dramatically reduced c-Myc and PD-L1 mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner in vitro . Taken together, FH-2001 is a promising dual-target inhibitor of FGFR and VEGFR and also modulates cancer immunity, while its robust antitumor activity positions it as a potentially class-leading anticancer agent. Show less
Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) is involved in numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, cell cycle and cell proliferation. However, its roles and molecular mechanism underlying the progress Show more
Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) is involved in numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, cell cycle and cell proliferation. However, its roles and molecular mechanism underlying the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are yet largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrated that VRK1 expression is elevated in HCC tumor tissues, which is associated with high tumor stage and poor prognosis in HCC patients. In vitro and in vivo experiments manifested that VRK1 overexpression significantly promotes cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and tumor growth of HCC by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. Mechanistically, immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry analysis determined that VRK1 interacts with CHD1L, which mediates the phosphorylation of CHD1L at serine 122 site. RNA-seq revealed that one of the key downstream target genes of VRK1 is SNAI1, by which VRK1 promotes EMT process and HCC progression. Furthermore, VRK1 upregulates SNAI1 expression through phosphorylating CHD1L. In conclusion, these findings suggested that VRK1/CHD1L/SNAI1 axis acts as a cancer-driving pathway to promote the proliferation and EMT of HCC, indicating that targeting VRK1 may be an attractive therapeutic strategy of HCC. Show less
Accelerated population aging and rising incidence of bone defects have intensified the need for advanced bone regeneration strategies. While tissue-engineered scaffolds fabricated via 3D printing offe Show more
Accelerated population aging and rising incidence of bone defects have intensified the need for advanced bone regeneration strategies. While tissue-engineered scaffolds fabricated via 3D printing offer promising alternatives to conventional grafts, most techniques fail to replicate the multi-scale fibrous architecture of native bone extracellular matrix, limiting their biofunctionality. To address this, we developed a hybrid manufacturing strategy integrating low-temperature thermally induced phase separation with extrusion-based 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds. By optimizing solvent ratios (THF: DMF = 3:1) and freezing temperatures (-196 °C-4 °C), we produced scaffolds with tunable micro-nano fibrous surfaces and macroporous structures. Key findings revealed that scaffolds processed at -196 °C (PLA-196) exhibited the highest porosity (pore size: 6.01 ± 2.06 μm), superior hydrophilicity, and enhanced compressive modulus. These scaffolds significantly promoted BMSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation via activation of Show less
Excessive adipose tissue accumulation adversely impacts the health of both humans and livestock. Adenylyl cyclase 3 (ADCY3) is a promising anti-obesity target, yet its regulatory role in adipogenesis Show more
Excessive adipose tissue accumulation adversely impacts the health of both humans and livestock. Adenylyl cyclase 3 (ADCY3) is a promising anti-obesity target, yet its regulatory role in adipogenesis remains incompletely understood. Our findings revealed a dynamic pattern of ADCY3 expression during adipogenesis and lipid droplet (LDs) accumulation. Functional analyses demonstrated that ADCY3 overexpression impaired adipogenesis by downregulating adipogenic transcription factors CEBPα and PPARγ. Furthermore, it reduced both the number and size of LDs through suppressing triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid metabolism, concomitantly downregulating key genes involved in LDs formation (PLIN1, CIDEC, FIT2, and Seipin), as well as factors mediating glycerol ester synthesis and fatty acid metabolism (DGAT1, DGAT2, ACC, SCD, FASN, and ACSL1). Transcriptomic profiling revealed that ADCY3 overexpression suppressed PPARγ signaling, leading to the downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation genes encoded by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Our results implicate ADCY3 in the regulation of lipid metabolism, with the speculative involvement of mitochondrial metabolic remodeling. This perspective offers a framework for developing future interventions against excessive lipid deposition. Show less
Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a critical role in cancer development and progression. However, there is limited research on the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and liver hepa Show more
Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a critical role in cancer development and progression. However, there is limited research on the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Mitochondrial oxidative stress-related genes were collected from Genecards Portal. Prognosis-linked genes (PLGs) were identified by univariate Cox regression analysis. A risk model was constructed based on the PLGs using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the predictive ability of the model. The expression levels of the prognostic genes were verified in the cell lines. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion assays were conducted to investigate the functional role of the target gene. We constructed a novel risk model based on 9 prognostic genes (CYP2C19, CASQ2, LPL, TXNRD1, CACNA1S, SLC6A3, OXTR, BIRC5, and MMP1). Survival analysis showed that patients with a low-risk score had a much better overall survival (OS). Prognostic risk score was found to be an independent predictor of prognosis. Patients in the high-risk group had a less favorable tumor microenvironment characterized by a lower degree of immune cell infiltration. Among the nine prognostic genes, MMP1, identified as the most promising candidate, demonstrated the capacity to enhance tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Our investigation reveals the oncogenic role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in LIHC. For the first time, we established a risk prediction model for mitochondrial oxidative stress in patients with LIHC. MMP1 has the potential to function as a promising biomarker in LIHC. Show less
Alzheimer's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, and the Beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key therapeutic target in its treatment. This study employs Show more
Alzheimer's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, and the Beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key therapeutic target in its treatment. This study employs molecular dynamics simulations and binding energy analysis to investigate the binding interactions between BACE1 and four selected small molecules: CNP520, D9W, NB641, and NB360. The binding model analysis indicates that the binding of BACE1 with four molecules are stable, except the loop regions show significant fluctuation. The binding free energy analyses reveal that NB360 exhibits the highest binding affinity with BACE1, surpassing other molecules (CNP520, D9W, and NB641). Detailed energy component assessments highlight the critical roles of electrostatic interactions and van der Waals forces in the binding process. Furthermore, residue contribution analysis identifies key amino acids influencing the binding process across all systems. Hydrogen bond analysis reveals a limited number of bonds between BACE1 and each small molecule, highlighting the importance of structural modifications to enable more stable hydrogen bonds. This research provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics, guiding the way for improved drug design and the development of effective treatments targeting BACE1. Show less
The heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and therapeutic resistance in Colorectal cancer (CRC) present substantial clinical challenges. In this study, 1136 CRC samples from TCGA a Show more
The heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and therapeutic resistance in Colorectal cancer (CRC) present substantial clinical challenges. In this study, 1136 CRC samples from TCGA and GEO were utilized for the overall research design, and tumor subtype classification (Immunity_High and Immunity_Low) was specifically performed on the TCGA cohort (n = 568) using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and t-SNE dimensionality reduction; t-SNE was selected because the study focused on distinguishing local clustering features of immune subtypes-it excels in enhancing sample aggregation within subtypes and highlighting local differences, which aligns with classification needs, so UMAP (prioritizing global structure preservation) was not used. The GEO cohort (n = 568) was used for subsequent validation of the prognostic model and results. A 12-gene prognostic model, comprising ANGPTL4, FABP4, RBP7, and 9 additional non-core genes (CCL22, NOS2, TGFB3, APOD, CHGB, CX3CL1, APOBEC3F, LCN12, BST2), was developed using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator-Cox regression (LASSO-Cox regression) regression.The functions of the core genes and potential therapeutic candidates were investigated via single-cell sequencing, molecular docking, dynamics simulations, drug sensitivity analysis, Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and quantitative Real - time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The Immunity_High subtype, characterized by the presence of CD8 This multi-omics study integrates multi-omics data to elucidate the immune-metabolic heterogeneity in CRC, establishing a precise prognostic model and providing bioinformatic evidence for key roles of ANGPTL4, FABP4, and RBP7 in the tumor microenvironment, thereby suggesting novel strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance. Show less
Evidence of the benefits of cordycepin (Cpn) for treating obesity is accumulating, but detailed knowledge of its therapeutic targets and mechanisms remains limited. This study aimed to systematically Show more
Evidence of the benefits of cordycepin (Cpn) for treating obesity is accumulating, but detailed knowledge of its therapeutic targets and mechanisms remains limited. This study aimed to systematically identify Cpn's therapeutic targets and pathways in Western diet (WD)-induced obesity using integrated network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and experimental validation. A Western diet (WD)-induced mice model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of Cpn in ameliorating obesity. A network pharmacology analysis was then employed to identify the potential anti-obesity targets of Cpn. GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to elucidate the potential functions of the identified targets, followed by constructing a protein-protein interaction network to screen the core targets. Meanwhile, quantitative transcriptomics was conducted to validate and broaden the network pharmacology findings. Finally, molecular docking and quantitative real-time PCR assay were used for the core target validation. Cpn treatment effectively alleviated obesity-related symptoms in WD-induced mice. The metabolic pathway, insulin signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis pathway, and core targets including CPS1, HRAS, MAPK14, PAH, ALDOB, AKT1, GSK3B, HSP90AA1, BHMT2, EGFR, CASP3, MAT1A, APOM, APOA2, APOC3, and APOA1 are involved in regulating the therapeutic effect of Cpn. This study comprehensively uncovers the potential mechanism of Cpn against obesity based on network pharmacology and quantitative transcriptomics, which provides evidence for revealing the pathogenesis of obesity, suggesting that Cpn is a possible lead compound for anti-obesity treatment. Show less
Acquired renal cysts (ARC) are associated with kidney function decline, necessitating novel dietary pattern (DP) analyses in large cohorts. This UK Biobank prospective cohort study (2006-2010) include Show more
Acquired renal cysts (ARC) are associated with kidney function decline, necessitating novel dietary pattern (DP) analyses in large cohorts. This UK Biobank prospective cohort study (2006-2010) included participants with ≥2 dietary records, excluding those with severe kidney damage. The constructed comprehensive dietary pattern integration (CDPI) utilized reduced rank regression (RRR) and latent profile analysis (LPA). ARC cases (ICD-10: N28.1) were assessed via Cox regression for risk and dose-response, with NMR metabolites examined as mediators. Among 119,709 participants (median follow-up: 10.57 years), 850 ARC cases were identified. Lipid-rich and hyperglycemic diets increased ARC risk [e.g., HRs for G1.DP1: 1.080 (1.024, 1.139); G1.DP2: 1.144 (1.048, 1.249)], while micronutrient-rich diets showed weak protective effects [G4.DP1: 0.943 (0.892, 0.998)]. LPA confirmed RRR findings, and 7/251 NMR metabolites had significant mediating effects. Diets high in fat (cheese, butter, pizza) and sugar (chocolate, sugary drinks) elevated ARC risk, whereas micronutrient- and fiber-rich diets (vegetables, fruit, lean poultry, nuts, eggs) were protective. Key mediators included branched-chain amino acids, IGF-1, and RBC distribution width. Show less
Phenotypic switching is an emerging driver of cancer treatment resistance, yet early signals regulating this process remain unclear. Here, using longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing, we mapped diff Show more
Phenotypic switching is an emerging driver of cancer treatment resistance, yet early signals regulating this process remain unclear. Here, using longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing, we mapped differentiation trajectories in the LTL331 prostate adenocarcinoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model undergoing neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) transformation post castration. Our analyses identified a key differentiation node marked by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) downregulation driven by the CXCR4-LASP1-G9a-SNAIL axis. Mechanistically, CXCR4 activation promotes nuclear translocation of LASP1 that links G9a and SNAIL via SH3/proline-rich motif and LIM/SNAG domain interactions, enabling SNAIL-mediated REST repression via promoter E-box motifs. Inhibition of CXCR4 or G9a reversed LTL331R NEPC cells toward a luminal androgen receptor-active phenotype. CXCR4-targeted radioligands enabled both imaging and inhibition of NEPC tumors in vivo. These findings highlight the CXCR4-LASP1-G9a-SNAIL axis as a key regulator of epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming in NEPC transdifferentiation and support its therapeutic targeting in aggressive NEPC. Show less
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) serve as an incretin-based hypoglycemic class for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). DPP-4i have been reported to produce a pleiotropic effect on lipid Show more
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) serve as an incretin-based hypoglycemic class for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). DPP-4i have been reported to produce a pleiotropic effect on lipid profiles in addition to regulation of glucose homeostasis. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantitatively evaluate the impact of DPP-4i on lipid parameters in patients with T2D. PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials. Trials were identified if changes in lipid parameters, including low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were reported. A total of 95 publications were identified. DPP-4i significantly reduced levels of LDL-C (-3.48 mg/dL; 95% CI, -4.77 to -2.20; I2 = 70%, P < .00001), TC (-2.59 mg/dL; 95% CI, -3.88 to -1.29; I2 = 73%, P < .0001), TG (-5.39 mg/dL; 95% CI, -8.04 to -2.75; I2 = 77%, P < .0001), and non-HDL-C (-6.27 mg/dL; 95% CI, -10.94 to -1.60; I2 = 53%, P = .008). No significant effect was found on HDL-C (-0.32 mg/dL; 95% CI, -1.19 to 0.55; I2 = 97%, P = .47) and ApoB (-0.88 mg/dL; 95% CI, -3.36 to 1.60; I2 = 36%, P = .49) during DPP-4i treatment. DDP-4i significantly improved lipid parameters including LDL-C, TC, TG, and non-HDL-C in patients with T2D. This underscores the potential cardiovascular benefits of DPP-4i and their role in improving diabetes-related outcomes. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020175999. Show less
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neuropathology characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and cholinergic system dysfunction. At presen Show more
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neuropathology characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and cholinergic system dysfunction. At present, there is no effective treatment strategy for AD. Our previous research showed that ZJQ-3F acts as an inhibitor of AChE/BACE1/GSK3β, and showed good blood-brain barrier permeability, appropriate bioavailability and oral safety. In order to further study, the protective effect of ZJQ-3F on APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice was determined. APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice model of AD was treated with ZJQ-3F from the age of 8 to 12 months, and then behavioral tests was conducted. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the level of tau protein, Aβ plaques and synaptic function. Our results revealed that administration of ZJQ-3F could improve the cognitive function of APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice. In addition, compared with APP/PS1/Tau mice, the protein expression levels of tau protein phosphorylation site at Ser396, Thr212 and Thr181 in the cortex and hippocampus of ZJQ-3F treated mice was significantly decreased. Moreover, the results showed that ZJQ-3F significantly reduced the deposition of Aβ in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the results indicated that the protein expression levels of PSD95, SYP and SYT in the cortex and hippocampus were increased markedly after ZJQ-3F was given. Our studies suggest that the chronic administration of ZJQ-3F can improve learning and memory ability, reduce tau protein phosphorylation, reduce Aβ deposition and improve synaptic dysfunction in APP/PS1/Tau transgenic model of AD, indicating that ZJQ-3F can be used as a multi-target inhibitor to slow down the progress of AD. Show less
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a common environmental contaminant and widely detected in aquatic surroundings, while only a few reports exist on the hazard mechanism in economic aquati Show more
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a common environmental contaminant and widely detected in aquatic surroundings, while only a few reports exist on the hazard mechanism in economic aquatic animals. It has been shown that 40 and 4000 ng/g of BDE-47 dietary exposure over 42 days significantly increased the levels of blood triglycerides, glucose, and liver glycogen in carp ( Show less
The natural compound pterostilbene (PTE) has multiple cardiovascular protective effects. However, its effects on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-associated vascular remodeling remain to be eluci Show more
The natural compound pterostilbene (PTE) has multiple cardiovascular protective effects. However, its effects on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-associated vascular remodeling remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the effects of PTE on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH in rats Experimental PAH was established by subcutaneous injection of MCT (50 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats, which were then randomly divided into vehicle or PTE (15 mg/kg via gavage) treatment groups. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was modeled in hPAECs by treating with transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β in combination. In rats with MCT-induced PAH, administration of PTE resulted in a reduction in right ventricular systolic pressure, thereby alleviating right ventricular hypertrophy. This was accompanied by mitigation of the remodeling of pulmonary arteries. PTE mitigates MCT-induced PAH and vascular remodeling in rats, at least in part, by inhibiting HMGA-mediated EndMT, suggesting that PTE may be a useful complementary medicine in the treatment of PAH. Show less
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alterations are established therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma but remain understudied in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study i Show more
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alterations are established therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma but remain understudied in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study investigates the prevalence, clinicopathological correlates, and prognostic impact of FGFR alterations in CRC. We analyzed 608 stage I-IV CRC samples (2014-2024) through next-generation sequencing (NGS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). FGFR genomic status was correlated with survival outcomes using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. External validation of FGFR genomic alterations was carried out using the 19 datasets (n = 6998) with prognostic impact validated through The Cancer Genome Atlas Colon and Rectum Adenocarcinoma (COREAD) dataset (Firehose Legacy, n = 640), both accessed via cBioPortal database. Large-scale genomic profiling of CRC [n = 7606 (608 in-house + 6998 public cohorts)] identified FGFR1 amplification (3.8% prevalence) as the predominant FGFR alteration subtype. Multivariable analysis confirmed FGFR alterations as independent predictors of poor disease-free survival [DFS; hazard ratio (HR) 2.58, P = 0.0002] and progression-free survival (PFS; HR 2.17, P = 0.0011), with FGFR1 amplification showing strongest prognostic impact (DFS HR 2.91, PFS HR 2.52, P < 0.01). Notably, the prognostic magnitude of FGFR alterations was comparable to KRAS/BRAF mutations in both localized and metastatic CRC. In addition, we established a semiquantitative immunoreactive score (IRS) system achieving 95.2% concordance with NGS (κ = 0.901), enabling reliable FGFR1 screening in routine pathology workflows. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of FGFR genomic alterations in CRC through large-scale profiling (n = 7606), establishing FGFR1 amplification as the predominant alteration. Unlike FGFR2/3-driven malignancies, FGFR1-amplified CRC exhibited aggressive clinical behavior and inferior survival outcomes across disease stages. To address the diagnostic challenges in routine practice, we further developed a validated immunohistochemical scoring system (IRS), establishing a cost-effective and clinically feasible alternative to molecular assays for identifying FGFR1-driven CRC subsets. Show less
Obesity is the principal driver of insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy is also linked with insulin resistance, emphasizing the vital role of adipose tissue in glucose homeostasis. The quality of adi Show more
Obesity is the principal driver of insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy is also linked with insulin resistance, emphasizing the vital role of adipose tissue in glucose homeostasis. The quality of adipose tissue expansion is a critical determinant of insulin resistance predisposition, with individuals suffering from metabolic unhealthy adipose expansion exhibiting greater risk. Adipocytes are pivotal in orchestrating metabolic adjustments in response to nutrient intake and cell intrinsic factors that positively regulate these adjustments are key to prevent Type-2 diabetes. Employing unique genetic mouse models, we established the critical involvement of heparan sulfate (HS), a fundamental element of the adipocyte glycocalyx, in upholding glucose homeostasis during dietary stress. Genetic models that compromise adipocyte HS accelerate the development of high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, independent of weight gain. Mechanistically, we show that perturbations in adipocyte HS disrupts endogenous FGF1 signaling, a key nutrient-sensitive effector. Furthermore, compromising adipocyte HS composition detrimentally impacts FGF1-FGFR1-mediated endocrinization, with no significant improvement observed in glucose homeostasis. Our data establish adipocyte HS composition as a determinant of Type 2 diabetes susceptibility and the critical dependency of the endogenous adipocyte FGF1 metabolic pathway on HS. Show less
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) exhibit the highest degree of heritability among all human tumors, yet the genetics of urinary bladder paragangliomas (UBPGLs) remains poorly understood. T Show more
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) exhibit the highest degree of heritability among all human tumors, yet the genetics of urinary bladder paragangliomas (UBPGLs) remains poorly understood. The present study aims to examine the characteristics of a cohort of Chinese patients with UBPGLs, focusing particularly on genetics. The study included 70 Chinese patients with UBPGLs from 15 centers in China, 240 patients with non-head and neck PGLs (non-HNPGLs) outside the urine bladder, and 16 Caucasian patients with UBPGLs. Tumor DNA samples were sequenced by next generation sequencing. All identified pathogenic variants (PVs) were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Among the 70 Chinese patients, PVs were identified in 38 cases: 23 in cluster 1 A (13 SDHB, 1 SDHD, 1 SDHA, 4 IDH1, 2 SLC25A11, and 2 FH), 4 in cluster 1B (3 EPAS1 and 1 EGLN1), and 11 in cluster 2 genes (7 HRAS, 1 FGFR1, 2 NF1, and 1 H3F3A). Compared with other non-HNPGLs, UBPGLs had more PVs in cluster 1 A genes (32.9% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.001), but fewer in cluster 1B (5.7% vs. 19.2%, p = 0.002) and cluster 2 genes (15.7% vs. 42.5%, p < 0.001). PVs in SDHB (18.6%) was the most common in Chinese patients with UBPGLs, followed by HRAS (10.0%). No PVs was found in 45.7% of all UBPGLs. PVs in HRAS, SLC25A11, EPAS1, and FH were also identified in Caucasians with UBPGLs. Chinese patients with UBPGLs have a diverse genetic profile. PVs in cluster 1 A genes underlie nearly 1/3 of patients, highlighting the importance of genetic testing. Diverse germline and somatic PVs are also present in Caucasian patients with UBPGLs. Show less
Liver X receptor α (LXRα) plays an important role in inflammatory immune response induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and acute rejection (AR). Macrophage M1-polarization play an impo Show more
Liver X receptor α (LXRα) plays an important role in inflammatory immune response induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and acute rejection (AR). Macrophage M1-polarization play an important role in the occurrence and development of AR. Although the activation of LXR has anti-inflammatory effects, the role of LXRα in AR after liver transplantation (LT) has not been elucidated. We aimed to investigate LXRα anti-inflammatory and macrophage polarization regulation effects and mechanisms in acute rejection rat models. LXRα anti-inflammatory and liver function protective effects was initially measured in primary Kupffer cells and LT rat models. Subsequently, a flow cytometry assay was used to detect the regulation effect of LXRα in macrophage polarization. HE staining, TUNEL and ELISA were used to evaluate the co-treatment effects of TO901317 and tacrolimus on hepatic apoptosis and liver acute rejection after LT. In this study, we found that LPS can inhibit the expression of LXRα and activate MAPK pathway and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. We also found that LXRα agonist (TO901317) could improve liver function and rat survival after LT by activating the level of ABCA1 and inhibiting MAPK. TO901317 could inhibit macrophage M1-polarization by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway to improve the liver lesion of AR rats after liver transplantation. Additionally, co-treatment with TO901317 and tacrolimus more effectively alleviated the damaging effects of AR following LT than either drug alone. Our results suggest that the activation of LXRα can improve liver function and rat survival after LT by regulate ABCA1/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis in macrophages. Show less
Stroke is a life‑threatening cerebrovascular disorder categorized into two major subtypes: Ischemic and hemorrhagic. Characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, its clinical management remain Show more
Stroke is a life‑threatening cerebrovascular disorder categorized into two major subtypes: Ischemic and hemorrhagic. Characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, its clinical management remains challenging due to limited therapeutic options. Interleukin (IL)‑27, a pleiotropic cytokine with demonstrated neuroprotective potential, has emerged as a promising candidate for stroke intervention. IL‑27 exerts immunomodulatory effects within the central nervous system, including suppression of proinflammatory T‑cell proliferation and induction of regulatory T‑cell differentiation. These mechanisms collectively attenuate neuroinflammation, mitigate neuronal apoptosis and prevent neurodegenerative processes. The efficacy of IL‑27 in reducing cerebral damage in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models has been validated, although clinical translation remains to be achieved. The present review summarizes: i) The epidemiology of stroke; ii) the immunoregulatory functions of IL‑27 and its neuroprotective mechanisms across stroke subtypes; iii) innovative brain‑targeted delivery approaches; iv) IL‑27 clinical applicability with supporting evidence; and v) possible risks and solutions in clinical applications. By collating the current knowledge, the present study provides a translational framework for advancing IL‑27‑based therapies in stroke management. Show less