Fusion genes are pivotal drivers of tumorigenesis, often generating oncogenic chimeric RNAs and fusion circular RNAs. However, the mechanisms by which these transcripts synergistically contribute to c Show more
Fusion genes are pivotal drivers of tumorigenesis, often generating oncogenic chimeric RNAs and fusion circular RNAs. However, the mechanisms by which these transcripts synergistically contribute to cancer progression remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a lung cancer-specific chimeric RNA KANSL1-ARL17A (chKANSARL) and its circular variant fusion circular RNA KANSL1-ARL17 A (F-circKA), both derived from the fusion gene KANSARL. Functional assays revealed that overexpression of either chKANSARL or F-circKA significantly enhanced lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while their knockdown suppressed these malignant phenotypes. In vivo experiments demonstrated that chKANSARL overexpression accelerated tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Notably, coexpression experiments uncovered a synergistic regulatory interaction between F-circKA and chKANSARL, amplifying oncogenic effects. Mechanistically, miRNA sequencing and dual-luciferase assays revealed that F-circKA acts as a molecular sponge for miR-6860, thereby derepressing chKANSARL expression. Rescue experiments further validated this regulatory axis, wherein miR-6860 inhibition reversed the tumor-suppressive effects of F-circKA knockdown. Collectively, our study identifies and characterizes a novel F-circKA/miR-6860/chKANSARL regulatory axis, revealing how dual transcriptional outputs from the KANSARL fusion gene can synergistically drive lung cancer progression. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized layer of cooperative regulation between linear and circular fusion RNAs in oncogenesis and provide a new framework for understanding fusion gene-mediated tumorigenesis. Show less
The mammalian class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex (PtdIns3K) forms two biochemically and functionally distinct subcomplexes including the ATG14-containing complex I (PtdIns3K-C1) and the U Show more
The mammalian class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex (PtdIns3K) forms two biochemically and functionally distinct subcomplexes including the ATG14-containing complex I (PtdIns3K-C1) and the UVRAG-containing complex II (PtdIns3K-C2). Both subcomplexes adopt a V-shaped architecture with a BECN1-ATG14 or UVRAG adaptor arm and a PIK3R4/VPS15-PIK3C3/VPS34 catalytic arm. NRBF2 is a pro-autophagic modulator that specifically associates with PtdIns3K-C1 to enhance its kinase activity and promotes macroautophagy/autophagy. How NRBF2 exerts such a positive effect is not fully understood. Here we report that NRBF2 binds to PIK3R4/VPS15 with moderate affinity through a conserved site on its N-terminal MIT domain. The NRBF2-PIK3R4/VPS15 interaction is incompatible with the UVRAG-containing PtdIns3K-C2 because the C2 domain of UVRAG outcompetes NRBF2 for PIK3R4/VPS15 binding. Our crystal structure of the NRBF2 coiled-coil (CC) domain reveals a symmetric homodimer with multiple hydrophobic pairings at the CC interface, which is in distinct contrast to the asymmetric dimer observed in the yeast ortholog Atg38. Mutations in the CC domain that rendered NRBF2 monomeric led to weakened binding to PIK3R4/VPS15 and only partial rescue of autophagy deficiency in Show less
Diabetes constitutes a risk factor for atherosclerotic calcification, which is highly associated with phenotypic switching in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Protein cysteine S-nitrosylation pla Show more
Diabetes constitutes a risk factor for atherosclerotic calcification, which is highly associated with phenotypic switching in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Protein cysteine S-nitrosylation plays a crucial role in multiple cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to examine whether diabetic atherosclerotic calcification is regulated by S-nitrosylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a regulator of VSMC phenotype switching. The atherosclerotic plaque was induced by feeding Apoe In cultured VSMCs, high glucose (HG), but not high osmotic pressure, triggered nitrosative stress, reduced AMPKβ1 protein levels, increased AMPKβ1 S-nitrosylation and ubiquitination, and led to calcification. These effects were abolished by mutating AMPKβ1 at cysteine 173 or 223. Furthermore, mutations of AMPKβ1 at Cys173/223 to alanine restored AMPKβ1 protein levels and suppressed the AKT/Runx2 pathway in HG-treated VSMCs. In vivo, enforced expression of mutated AMPKβ1 (Cys173Ala plus Cys223Ala), but not overexpression of wild-type AMPKβ1, significantly prevented atherosclerotic calcification in diabetic Apoe Nitrosative stress contributes to atherosclerotic calcification in diabetes through AMPKβ S-nitrosylation. In perspective, it is advisable to consider inhibiting AMPKβ S-nitrosylation in diabetic patients with atherosclerosis. Show less
Osteoarthritis (OA) represents a prevalent degenerative joint condition, in which chondrocyte dysfunction plays a key role in disease progression. Although accumulating evidence underscores the import Show more
Osteoarthritis (OA) represents a prevalent degenerative joint condition, in which chondrocyte dysfunction plays a key role in disease progression. Although accumulating evidence underscores the importance of cellular stemness regulation in OA development, systematic screening of related biomarkers has been insufficient. The current study sought to discover and validate potential biomarkers through bioinformatics and machine learning (ML), offering novel perspectives for early detection and therapeutic intervention in OA. The present study examined six OA-related transcriptomic profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to discover and validate stemness-associated biomarkers. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected and analyzed for enriched biological functions. OA-related modules were determined via weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Key stemness-related genes were selected using ML algorithms, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was implemented to determine diagnostic accuracy. Utilizing single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), the link with immune cell infiltration was examined. Ultimately, immunohistochemistry was employed for experimental validation. Intersection analysis identified 56 stemness-related DEGs in OA cartilage. WGCNA analysis yielded 7 modules significantly associated with stemness genes, and a combined screening approach identified 60 candidate genes. Using four machine learning algorithms-SVM, LASSO, XGBoost, and RF-four feature genes were ultimately determined (WWP2, CDKN1A, IL11, and CRTAC1), among which WWP2, CDKN1A, and CRTAC1 showed significant differential expression between OA and normal samples and demonstrated good diagnostic performance in both the training and validation cohorts (AUC > 0.7). ssGSEA analysis revealed that the expression of these three genes was significantly correlated with specific immune cell subpopulations. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed that WWP2 and CDKN1A were downregulated in OA tissues, whereas CRTAC1 was upregulated. Through bioinformatics analysis and IHC validation, we identified three stemness-associated biomarker genes (WWP2, CDKN1A, CRTAC1) in OA. These findings may provide meaningful implications for future clinical assessment, treatment, and research on OA. Show less
Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for endometrial repair has been hampered by variability in cell quality, large-scale production, and uncertainty regarding the optimal delivery route. In Show more
Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for endometrial repair has been hampered by variability in cell quality, large-scale production, and uncertainty regarding the optimal delivery route. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell-derived immunity-and-matrix-regulatory cells (IMRCs) for treating refractory moderate-to-severe intrauterine adhesion (IUA). In a rabbit IUA model, sub-endometrial injection of IMRCs significantly reduced fibrosis and enhanced endometrial angiogenesis, outperforming uterine perfusion. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct pro-angiogenic gene expression profiles between the two delivery routes. In vitro, IMRCs co-cultured with endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) markedly enhanced angiogenic potential compared to either cell type alone. Protein array analysis of the co-culture supernatant showed elevated levels of angiogenic factors, with functional assays confirming that inhibition of ANGPTL4, a non-canonical pro-angiogenic mediator, impaired angiogenesis. In a first-in-human, single-center, phase 1 dose-escalation trial involving 18 patients with refractory IUA, high-dose sub-endometrial IMRC injection promoted angiogenesis, reduced uterine scarring, and improved pregnancy outcomes, with no safety concerns observed over 3 years of follow-up. These findings highlight the translational promise of IMRCs as a novel therapeutic strategy for endometrial regeneration in severe IUA. Show less
Impaired synaptic plasticity underlies cognitive impairment as a core pathological substrate. While aerobic exercise represents a significant non-pharmacological intervention for enhancing synaptic pl Show more
Impaired synaptic plasticity underlies cognitive impairment as a core pathological substrate. While aerobic exercise represents a significant non-pharmacological intervention for enhancing synaptic plasticity, its precise molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined. This study investigated whether aerobic exercise ameliorates synaptic plasticity and synaptic loss in Apolipoprotein E homozygous knockout (APOE Show less
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide and is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. Show more
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide and is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. Because MASLD progression poses serious health risks, elucidating the underlying mechanisms is essential to guide early intervention and therapeutic strategies. Proteomic analysis was used to identity high-fat diet (HFD)-induced proteins in mouse liver. Galectin-1 (GAL1) expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry in human liver tissues. Liver-specific GAL1-deficient mice were generated using adeno-associated virus. Mice were fed either a chow diet or an HFD. Functional studies were performed in cell lines using western blotting, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and molecular docking analysis. GAL1 expression was elevated in liver tissues from patients with MASLD and in mouse models. Liver-specific GAL1 knockdown alleviated hepatic steatosis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Mechanistically, GAL1 competitively bound to the BRCT domain of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), thereby interfering with its interaction with the WW domain -containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2). Hepatic GAL1 knockdown promoted the PARP1 -WWP2 interaction and subsequently facilitated ubiquitin-dependent degradation of PARP1. This degradation led to increased NAD Hepatic deficiency of GAL1 alleviates hepatic steatosis by enhancing FAO through promotion of ubiquitin-dependent PARP1 degradation, thereby restoring NAD Show less
This study evaluated the efficacy of combining personalized acupuncture with accelerated deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (adTMS) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this randomized, double- Show more
This study evaluated the efficacy of combining personalized acupuncture with accelerated deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (adTMS) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, 120 MCI patients were assigned to a Combined group (personalized acupuncture + active adTMS), a Single Stimulation group (active adTMS + sham acupuncture), or a Placebo group (sham TMS + sham acupuncture). The primary outcome was the change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included P300 latency, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) NAA/Cr ratio, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI). The Combined group showed a significantly greater improvement in MoCA scores (3.2 ± 1.3 points) compared to the Single Stimulation (1.9 ± 1.2 points; mean difference 1.3, 95 % CI 0.4 to 2.2) and Placebo groups (1.1 ± 1.0 points; mean difference 2.1, 95 % CI 1.2 to 3.0). The Combined group also demonstrated greater reductions in P300 latency and increases in NAA/Cr ratio and serum BDNF levels than the other groups. The combination of personalized acupuncture and adTMS significantly improves cognitive function in MCI patients, supported by positive changes in electrophysiological and metabolic markers. This integrative approach represents a promising non-pharmacological strategy for MCI.Trial registration: International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trials Registry (ITMCTR2025000652). Show less
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition marked by the deposition of lipids within the arterial wall and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, culminating in the development of atheroscle Show more
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition marked by the deposition of lipids within the arterial wall and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, culminating in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Ubiquitin-specific protease 18, USP18, a specific deubiquitinating enzyme, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Pathological studies were performed utilizing human coronary arteries obtained from the Forensic Medical Examination Center of Guizhou Medical University, in conjunction with the aorta from experimental ApoE knockout mice. The ApoE knockout mice underwent intervention with adenovirus carrying USP18-RNAi and a control adenovirus containing hU6-MCS-CMV-EGFP, after which pathological analyses were conducted. In vitro, THP-1 cells, induced with phorbol ester, were subjected to treatment with si-USP18 or si-NC, followed by exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. The expression levels of USP18 and proteins associated with the TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as the interaction between USP18 and TAK1, were assessed using Western blotting, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence techniques.The interaction between USP18 and TAK1 was confirmed using molecular docking techniques, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and immunofluorescence analysis. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of USP18 on atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanism. The expression of USP18 is elevated in early-stage human coronary atherosclerotic plaques but decreases in advanced lesions. Treatment of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in reduced USP18 expression. In ApoE USP18 modulates TAK1 to suppress the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, consequently exerting an anti-atherosclerotic effect and offering a potential therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis treatment. Show less
Microglia play dual roles in neuroinflammation, driving either detrimental M1 or protective M2 polarization, which critically impacts the outcomes of ischemic stroke. While fibroblast growth factor 20 Show more
Microglia play dual roles in neuroinflammation, driving either detrimental M1 or protective M2 polarization, which critically impacts the outcomes of ischemic stroke. While fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) is established as a neurotrophic factor with neuroprotective properties, its role in regulating microglial polarization remains unclear. This study investigated a novel function of FGF20 in alleviating post-stroke neuroinflammation and its underlying mechanisms. In a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), intracerebroventricular administration of FGF20 significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological function. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FGF20 bidirectionally regulated cytokine expression, suppressing M1-associated markers (CD86, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α) while enhancing M2-associated markers (IL-10, Arg-1). Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that FGF20 attenuated microglia activation in peri-infarct striatum and hippocampus. In vitro, FGF20 counteracted LPS-induced M1 polarization in primary microglia, downregulated the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and upregulated TREM2 expression. Notably, while the selective FGFR1 inhibitor PD173074 abolished FGF20-induced TREM2 upregulation, it did not reverse the suppression of TLR4/NF-κB, indicating that these two effects are mediated through distinct regulatory mechanisms. These phenotypic shifts were further confirmed by a reduction in CD32/16 Show less
The high global prevalence of anxiety disorders, coupled with the limitations of existing treatments, constitutes a severe public health challenge. Chronic stress, as a core environmental trigger, has Show more
The high global prevalence of anxiety disorders, coupled with the limitations of existing treatments, constitutes a severe public health challenge. Chronic stress, as a core environmental trigger, has garnered increasing attention for its mechanism of mediating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) imbalance through neuroinflammation. BDNF dysregulation may contribute to anxiety disorders, particularly in subtypes with heightened neuroinflammation. The objective of this review is to comprehensively and methodically explores the potential role of the "M1-like microglia-A1-like astrocyte axis (M1-A1 axis)" in linking chronic stress to BDNF dysregulation in anxiety disorders, and to provide a theoretical basis for intervention strategies targeting this axis. By synthesizing recent relevant clinical and preclinical evidence, this review integrates evidence from molecular to systems levels, focusing on the activation mechanisms of neuroinflammation under chronic stress, the crosstalk between glial cells, and their regulatory network on BDNF. Chronic stress is associated with peripheral and central cascades through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and gut microbiota disruption. Within the central nervous system (CNS), stress induces microglial polarization toward the pro-inflammatory microglial subpopulations (hereinafter referred to as M1-like microglia). The signals released by M1-like microglia, such as Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Complement Component 1q (C1q) (ITC), drive astrocytes to transform into the neurotoxic astrocyte states (hereinafter referred to as A1-like astrocyte), forming the "M1-A1 axis". This axis contributes to BDNF dysregulation through the following mechanisms: (1) Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibits BDNF transcription and translation; (2) Induction of astrocytic lactate metabolism disruption, which impairs neuronal energy supply and acidifies the microenvironment, further amplifying inflammation and affecting BDNF expression; (3) Compromise of the blood-brain barrier(BBB)enables peripheral immune cells to penetrate into the CNS, and these cells work in synergy with central glial cells to amplify inflammation. The reduction in BDNF and the imbalance in the ratio of its precursor to mature form ultimately lead to impaired synaptic plasticity in brain regions like the hippocampus (HIP) and amygdala, precipitating anxiety-like behaviors. Existing pharmacological interventions are inadequate to reverse this pathological process. The M1-A1 axis may serve as a key node linking chronic stress to BDNF dysregulation and anxiety disorders. Targeting the phenotypic transformation of glial cells, repairing the BBB, or modulating glial cell metabolism (e.g., lactate shuttle) may represent potential strategies requiring further validation. Future research should focus on the spatiotemporal dynamics of this axis and its clinical translation. Show less
Growing evidence highlights that long-term orbital flight may lead to structural changes in brains and cognitive impairments in astronauts. However, effective strategies to counteract these effects re Show more
Growing evidence highlights that long-term orbital flight may lead to structural changes in brains and cognitive impairments in astronauts. However, effective strategies to counteract these effects remain limited. Compound Gastrodia elata Formula (CGEF), composed of Gastrodia elata Bl., Polygonatum sibirium Red., and Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf has been shown to improve learning and memory. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of CGEF in attenuating cognitive deficiency induced by simulated weightlessness in mice. A cognitive impairment model was induced in mice using Hindlimb unloading (HU) method. Cognitive function was assessed through Object recognition test (ORT), the Morris water maze (MWM), and the Step-down Test (SDT). Serum and hippocampus levels of inflammatory markers, including Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were evaluated using ELISA. Neurotransmitter concentrations in the hippocampus and cortex were measured using LC-MS/MS. While Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) / Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) protein expression signaling pathway in hippocampus was evaluated by western blot. Results showed that CGEF treatment significantly reversed the memory deficits induced by four weeks of HU exposure. Furthermore, CGEF treatment markedly suppressed the production of inflammatory factors. It also assisted in the recovery of neurotransmitter balance and regulated tryptophan metabolism to improve cognitive disorder. Western blotting analysis revealed that CGEF treatment upregulated the expression of Synaptophysin, Postsynaptic density 95 proteins, while also activating the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-Tropomyosin receptor kinase B pathway. These findings suggest that CGEF has substantial potential for development as an aerospace health product to improve memory decline associated with spaceflight. Show less
To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) protects human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury, focusing on its regulation of aut Show more
To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) protects human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury, focusing on its regulation of autophagic flux and the TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway. HBE cells were treated with LPS (1-100 ng/mL) to induce autophagy dysregulation and inflammation. G-Rg3 (2-16 μM) was administered to evaluate its protective effects. Western blotting was used to detect autophagy-related proteins (ATG4B, ATG7, PIK3C3, LC3B, p62) and TLR4/NF-κB signaling molecules; ELISA quantified proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8); PI staining and flow cytometry analyzed cell death and apoptosis. LPS dose-dependently upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins (ATG4B, ATG7, PIK3C3, p62, LC3B-II), with accumulated p62 and LC3B-II indicating impaired clearance of autophagic substrates. Additionally, G-Rg3 inhibited LPS-induced TLR4/NF-κB activation, suppressed proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and attenuated HBE cell apoptosis/necrosis. G-Rg3 mitigates LPS-induced HBE cell injury by dual mechanisms: restoring impaired autophagic flux and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory cascade. These findings identify G-Rg3 as a promising therapeutic agent targeting the crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation in respiratory diseases such as COPD and acute lung injury. Show less
C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs) belong to the adipokine family. Here, we aimed to assess the relation of CTRP4 levels in serum and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) with coronary artery disease (CAD Show more
C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs) belong to the adipokine family. Here, we aimed to assess the relation of CTRP4 levels in serum and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) with coronary artery disease (CAD), and investigate the effect of CTRP4 on atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms. CTRP4 levels were examined in serum and epicardial adipose tissue (a major PVAT) from patients with CAD. Atherosclerotic lesions were analysed in CTRP4 CTRP4 levels were lower in serum and epicardial adipose tissue of patients with CAD compared to non-CAD controls. CTRP4 knockout promoted atherosclerosis in ApoE Decreased CTRP4 levels in serum and epicardial adipose tissue are associated with CAD in patients. CTRP4 deficiency promotes the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE Show less
This study aims to systematically investigate the multi-target mechanisms of cobalamin in the treatment of ischemic stroke using network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. We screened data Show more
This study aims to systematically investigate the multi-target mechanisms of cobalamin in the treatment of ischemic stroke using network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. We screened databases to identify the targets of cobalamin and performed intersected with with ischemic stroke-related targets to construct a “drug-target-disease” interaction network. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to identify key biological processes and signaling pathways. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed to assess the binding affinity between cobalamin and hub proteins. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to assess the stability of the protein–ligand complexes over a 500 ns simulation period. Additionally, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability predictions were made using ADMETlab 3.0 and admetSAR 3.0. A total of 95 therapeutic targets of cobalamin for ischemic stroke were identified. Network analysis and molecular docking highlighted eight core targets—ALB, TIMP1, PLG, FN1, AGT, SERPINE1, APOE, and SPP1—with high binding affinities to cobalamin. GO analysis suggested that cobalamin regulates inflammatory responses, post-translational modifications, complement binding, and lipoprotein particle binding. KEGG analysis identified complement and coagulation cascades, the PI3K/AKT pathway, and inflammation-related signaling as central to its therapeutic effects. Molecular docking showed strong binding to ALB and TIMP1, which was further confirmed by MD simulations, with minimal conformational changes. The PLG-cobalamin complex exhibited more fluctuations. ADME analysis revealed low passive permeability, particularly across the blood–brain barrier, but moderate distribution and high plasma protein binding. This study provides evidence that cobalamin may offer neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke by interacting with key target proteins involved in coagulation, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. The findings highlight the potential of cobalamin as a therapeutic agent, although its limited ability to cross the blood–brain barrier may restrict its oral use. Further experimental validation and development of suitable delivery methods are needed to fully realize cobalamin’s potential in stroke therapy. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-41564-6. Show less
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury commonly occurs in patients undergoing cardiac or noncardiac surgeries, increasing perioperative mortality risk. Although numerous endogenous mediators rel Show more
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury commonly occurs in patients undergoing cardiac or noncardiac surgeries, increasing perioperative mortality risk. Although numerous endogenous mediators released during I/R contribute to myocardial damage, their mechanisms require further elucidation. We investigated whether lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, mediates myocardial I/R injury by interacting with cardiac transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). A TRPV1K710N knock-in mouse model was generated by CRISPR/Cas9, introducing a point mutation at K710, the known LPA-binding site on TRPV1. Langendorff perfused isolated hearts from TRPV1K710N and wild-type (WT) mice underwent global I/R injury with or without exogenous LPA (10 μM). Myocardial infarct size, coronary effluent LDH levels, and mitochondrial ultrastructure/function were assessed. Additionally, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were transfected with a pCMV6-entry plasmid carrying TRPV1-K710N or TRPV1-WT for mitochondrial calcium influx and cell viability assays. The V1-Cal peptide (1μM), targeting the K710 region, was applied ex vivo and in vitro to block LPA-TRPV1 interaction. TRPV1K710N hearts exhibited resistance to global I/R injury versus WT hearts, with reduced infarct size (28.3 ± 2.4% vs 39.9 ±2.3%, respectively, P= 0006), lower LDH levels, and attenuated mitochondrial damage. Exogenous LPA exacerbated I/R injury in WT hearts, increasing infarct size (63.7 ± 1.2% vs vehicle: 38.4 ± 2.4%; P <.0001), LDH release, and mitochondrial damage. TRPV1K710N hearts were resistant to LPA-induced injury, with no significant increase in infarct size after LPA treatment. Exogenous LPA induced pronounced swelling in mitochondria isolated from WT hearts, while mitochondria from TRPV1K710N hearts showed resistance to LPA challenge. In H9c2 cells, LPA significantly decreased viability in rTRPV1-WT cells and elevated mitochondrial calcium influx relative to rTRPV1-K710N cells. V1-Cal peptide attenuated LPA-mediated myocardial injury in WT hearts and reduced mitochondrial calcium overload in H9c2 cells. Blockade of the TRPV1 K710 site by K710N mutation or V1-Cal peptide mitigates LPA-mediated myocardial injury and mitochondrial damage/dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts. Targeting the cardiac LPA-TRPV1 interaction represents a promising therapeutic strategy against perioperative myocardial injury. Show less
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents significant central nervous system trauma and has consistently been a focal point of research in the domain of neural regeneration and repair. Currently, there is n Show more
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents significant central nervous system trauma and has consistently been a focal point of research in the domain of neural regeneration and repair. Currently, there is no effective treatment available. Various modalities of magnetic stimulation have emerged for recovery from spinal cord injuries; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, significantly hindering the application of magnetic stimulation technologies in treating such injuries. This study aims to elucidate these relevant mechanisms by establishing a simulated closed-loop magnetic stimulation system. In this study, we established a right hemisection model at T8 in mice and administered continuous simulated closed-loop magnetic stimulation targeting the left motor cortex and right L5 nerve root over six weeks. We subsequently utilized a spinal cord dorsal hemisection model to examine regeneration of the corticospinal tract (CST). Motor-evoked potential assessments and calcium imaging techniques were employed to explore neural circuit repair. Additionally, we integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches to investigate related mechanisms. The findings indicate that simulated closed-loop magnetic stimulation effectively restores motor function in the hind limbs, promotes the regeneration of corticospinal tracts in mice with spinal cord injuries, and facilitates the reconstruction of sensorimotor circuits and functions within the spinal cord. Simulated closed-loop magnetic stimulation significantly enhances axonal regeneration of the CST following SCI. This effect may be mediated through the activation of the AMPK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway, which promotes neurotrophic factor secretion and subsequently induces nerve axon regeneration. This study suggests that simulated closed-loop magnetic stimulation represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment for impaired gait following SCI. Show less
Anoikis resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are crucial factors in tumor invasiveness and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Identifying anoikis-EMT-related genes could be be Show more
Anoikis resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are crucial factors in tumor invasiveness and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Identifying anoikis-EMT-related genes could be beneficial for predicting prognosis and immunotherapeutic efficacy in patients with LUAD. This study aims to establish and validate a novel prognostic signature based on anoikis-EMT-related genes for LUAD and to identify the potential biomarkers encapsulated within it. Anoikis-related genes and EMT-related genes were retrieved from the GeneCards and dbEMT 2.0 databases. Univariate Cox regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted to define anoikis and EMT levels. Gene expression and clinical information of patients with LUAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Univariate Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to construct a risk score model. Immune correlation and drug sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the association of the risk score with the immune profile and antitumor treatment. Three essential genes in the model were examined for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and for protein levels via the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. LUAD patients demonstrating low Anoikis Potential Index (API) combined with high EMT Potential Index (EPI) exhibited the poorest overall survival (OS). We further constructed a nine-gene prognostic risk model that combines anoikis and EMT. High-risk patients demonstrated significantly shorter survival duration. The clinical-prognostic nomogram accurately predicted outcomes at 1, 3, and 5 years. In addition, patients in low-risk group demonstrated superior immune responses to treatment and were more sensitive to commonly used chemotherapy drugs. Our validation studies confirmed upregulated expression of ANGPTL4, SLC2A1, and BIRC5 in LUAD, observed at both transcriptional and translational levels. The anoikis-EMT-based risk model effectively forecasts both OS and immunotherapy response in LUAD patients, accelerating the identification of groundbreaking molecular biomarkers and prospective molecular targets. Show less
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is highly heritable; however, its estimated incidence across populations remains unclear. We computed family-based heritability leveraging Alzheimer's Disease Seq Show more
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is highly heritable; however, its estimated incidence across populations remains unclear. We computed family-based heritability leveraging Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project pedigrees from non-Hispanic White (404 pedigrees), non-Hispanic Black (13 pedigrees), Dominican (100 pedigrees), and Dutch isolate (10 pedigrees), with four models incorporating age, sex, apolipoproten E epsilon4 (APOE ε4), and contributing study using two methods. Heritability estimates varied by method, model, and study populations. Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology (S.A.G.E.) estimates were highest for Dutch isolate (78.3%), followed by non-Hispanic Blacks (39.1%), Dominicans (31.7%), and non-Hispanic Whites (29.1%), adjusted for age and sex. APOE adjustment reduced estimates (4.9% on average), while study adjustment primarily affected groups that included multiple studies. Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR-Eclipse) estimates were higher (45.2% to 80.2%) than S.A.G.E. (20.4% to 80.9%) but behaved in parallel, except for the Dutch isolate. LOAD heritability estimates are dependent on study population and may reflect or indicate differences in LOAD risk by population. Show less
The gastrointestinal system is of particular importance in radiation biodosimetry because of its constant cell renewal and sensitivity to radiation-induced injury. It has been reported that total abdo Show more
The gastrointestinal system is of particular importance in radiation biodosimetry because of its constant cell renewal and sensitivity to radiation-induced injury. It has been reported that total abdominal irradiation causes distant cognitive defects in a mouse model. In this study, we demonstrated that metformin alleviated the cognitive dysfunction caused by total abdominal irradiation. No neuropathological changes were observed in hippocampal tissues in control, irradiated, and irradiated plus metformin-treated groups. However, we found that metformin treatment improved the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the phosphorylation level of cAMP response element-binding in the hippocampus from irradiated mice. Furthermore, our results revealed that metformin treatment reduced the expression of miR-34a-5p, which targets the brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA, in the small intestine, peripheral blood, and hippocampus. More importantly, injection of miR-34a-5p agomir inhibited the enhancement effects of metformin on the cognitive defects induced by total abdominal irradiation, as well as the enhanced expression of BNDF and the phosphorylation level of cAMP response element-binding in the hippocampus. Thus, our results provide alternative strategies for the treatment of total abdominal irradiation-induced distant cognitive impairment using metformin and further confirmed that miR-34a-5p is a potential drug target to reduce the cognitive defects caused by total abdominal irradiation. Show less
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), a subclinical state underlying mild cognitive impairment (MCI), triggers multiple pathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular demen Show more
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), a subclinical state underlying mild cognitive impairment (MCI), triggers multiple pathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau phosphorylation, microglial activation and neural circuit dysfunction. Developing multitarget therapeutics to effectively prevent the transition from MCI to AD and/or VaD remains an urgent challenge. Herein, we engineered a brain-targeted dual-modified PEGylated nanoliposome (LipTM@miR-195), incorporating mannose (MAN) and the trans-activating protein of HIV type 1 (TAT), which encapsulates polyethyleneimine (PEI) complesed microRNA-195 (miR-195). In a CCH rat model, tail-vein administration of LipTM@miR-195 (0.112 mg/kg) efficiently crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without detectable side effects. Treatment reversed CCH-induced spatial learning and memory deficits, rescued neural circuit dysfunction, and suppressed elevated APP, BACE1, AT8 and CD68 levels. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence that LipTM@miR-195 nanoliposome holds therapeutic potential for CCH-induced cognitive impairment, thereby preventing the progression from MCI to AD and/or VaD. Show less
Yiqi Huoxue Granule (YQHX), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, is extensively utilized for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. However, its active constituents and molecular mech Show more
Yiqi Huoxue Granule (YQHX), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, is extensively utilized for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. However, its active constituents and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We utilized a systematic methodology to identify bioavailable compounds in vivo and predict and validate the principal targets and pathways responsible for their anti-atherosclerotic actions. Serum pharmacochemistry utilizing UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was employed to identify the bioavailable compounds of YQHX. An integrated methodology combining network pharmacology and molecular docking was implemented to predict its potential targets and mechanisms against atherosclerosis, which were subsequently verified experimentally in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE We identified 36 absorbable compounds in the serum of rats following YQHX administration, and 252 potential therapeutic targets were predicted. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified 10 hub targets, which are IL-6, TNF, EGFR, TP53, AKT, STAT3, SRC, CTNNB1, TLR4, and MMP-9. Enrichment analyses indicated that these targets are primarily involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses, with significant enrichment in the PI3K-Akt and SRC signaling pathways. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities between the proteins EGFR, SRC, and AKT and their respective compounds. In ApoE This study systematically identified the bioactive compounds of YQHX and demonstrated its multi-target anti-atherosclerotic effect, which involved the enhancement of lipid metabolism and suppression of inflammation, mediated, at least in part, by the inhibition of the SRC/AKT signaling pathway. Show less
Aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) activation drives bladder carcinogenesis in humans, but currently approved pan-FGFR inhibitors lack FGFR3 isoform selectivity and fail to counter c Show more
Aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) activation drives bladder carcinogenesis in humans, but currently approved pan-FGFR inhibitors lack FGFR3 isoform selectivity and fail to counter clinically acquired resistance mutations (e.g., FGFR3 V555M/L). Herein, we report the structure-based drug design of 4-(1-methyl-1 Show less
Glycolysis-derived lactate serves as a substrate for lysine lactylation, an epigenetic modification playing critical transcriptional regulatory roles in inflammatory diseases. Endothelial inflammation Show more
Glycolysis-derived lactate serves as a substrate for lysine lactylation, an epigenetic modification playing critical transcriptional regulatory roles in inflammatory diseases. Endothelial inflammation, characterized by upregulated glycolysis, initiates atherosclerosis, yet the contribution of histone lactylation remains undefined. Although narciclasine exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, its impact on endothelial inflammation in atherosclerosis is unknown. Connectivity Map (CMap) analysis predicted narciclasine as an inhibitor of oscillatory shear stress and TNF-α-induced endothelial inflammation. In vitro, treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 20 nM narciclasine significantly suppressed ox-LDL-induced expression of VCAM1, ICAM1, SELE, and CCL2, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibited monocyte adhesion and migration. In vivo, administration of narciclasine (0.02 mg/kg) attenuated carotid artery endothelial inflammation and macrophage infiltration, consequently reducing early atherogenesis in partial carotid ligation model in ApoE Show less
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a critical clinical syndrome marked by high incidence and mortality, is currently diagnosed mainly by serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which have high m Show more
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a critical clinical syndrome marked by high incidence and mortality, is currently diagnosed mainly by serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which have high miss rates. This study innovatively proposes using urinary hydrogen peroxide (H Show less
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a key regulator of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, the specific role of its receptor, Patched2 (Ptch2), in these processes remains unclear. Here, usi Show more
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a key regulator of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, the specific role of its receptor, Patched2 (Ptch2), in these processes remains unclear. Here, using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Show less
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by pathological angiogenesis and plaque instability. Herein, we investigated the role of macrophage-derived CXCL2 in mediating endothelial prog Show more
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by pathological angiogenesis and plaque instability. Herein, we investigated the role of macrophage-derived CXCL2 in mediating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) homing during atherosclerosis progression. Using ApoE-/- mice on a high-fat diet and in vitro co-culture models, we found that infused EPCs exacerbated plaque burden, neovascularization, and matrix degradation. Macrophages were essential for EPC recruitment to plaques. Ox-LDL-stimulated macrophages enhanced EPC angiogenic functions, with transcriptome sequencing identifying CXCL2 as a key upregulated mediator. Functional experiments confirmed CXCL2's critical role. In vivo silencing of CXCL2 attenuated EPC homing, reduced plaque size and lipid accumulation, decreased neovascularization, and stabilized the plaque matrix. Our findings demonstrate that macrophages promote pathological angiogenesis and plaque progression via CXCL2, suggesting that targeting this chemokine could be a novel therapeutic strategy for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Show less
About 20-40% of prostate cancer (PCa) develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) after surgery, and propionate metabolism may contribute to tumor progression. BCR remains a major clinical challenge in PCa, Show more
About 20-40% of prostate cancer (PCa) develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) after surgery, and propionate metabolism may contribute to tumor progression. BCR remains a major clinical challenge in PCa, as current tools based on histopathology and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) fail to capture the molecular heterogeneity driving the disease. While metabolic reprogramming is known to facilitate post-treatment adaptation, the specific role of propionate metabolism in this context remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically investigate propionate metabolism-related genes (PMRGs) to develop a novel prognostic model for the improved early prediction of recurrence. In this study, The Cancer Genome Atlas-Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD), GSE70770 and 412 PMRGs were employed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PCa and control and DEGs2 in BCR and no BCR samples obtained by differential analysis were intersected with PMRGs to get candidate genes. After Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses, biomarkers were identified to construct risk models. Biomarkers including In this study, PMRGs were regarded as biomarkers in PCa for risk model construction, which suggest that propionate metabolism represents a biologically relevant axis in PCa recurrence and may offer a novel framework for biomarker-driven risk assessment. Show less