Previous studies have demonstrated that naringenin possesses lipid-lowering effects; however, the underlying mechanisms, particularly its specific molecular targets, remain uncertain. Using bioinforma Show more
Previous studies have demonstrated that naringenin possesses lipid-lowering effects; however, the underlying mechanisms, particularly its specific molecular targets, remain uncertain. Using bioinformatics, three traditional Chinese medicine databases and one human disease database were integrated to establish two naringenin-target-hyperlipidemia modules: naringenin-oxidative stress (OS) and naringenin-lipid metabolism (LM). Data on 1,850 proteins from 1,871 genetic instruments were sourced from seven previous studies. Using Mendelian randomization based on data from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit genome-wide association study (case, n = 5,153; control, n = 344,069), we identified potential drug targets that were subsequently validated in the UK Biobank (396,565 individuals) and FinnGen (412,181 individuals) cohorts. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to verify the binding ability of naringenin and causal protein. In plasma, every standard deviation increase in apolipoprotein B (APOB) was associated with an increased risk of hyperlipidemia (odds ratio [OR] = 9.37, 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.12-17.12; This Mendelian randomization-based combined analysis offers a robust framework for elucidating the pharmacological effects of naringenin and identifying candidate proteins for further investigation in the context of hyperlipidemia treatment. Show less
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are powerful and versatile regulators in living creatures, playing fundamental roles in organismal development, metabolism, and various diseases by the regulation of gene e Show more
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are powerful and versatile regulators in living creatures, playing fundamental roles in organismal development, metabolism, and various diseases by the regulation of gene expression at multiple levels. The requirements of deep research on RBP function have promoted the rapid development of RBP-RNA interplay detection methods. Recently, the detection method of fusing RNA modification enzymes (RME) with RBP of interest has become a hot topic. Here, we reviewed RNA modification enzymes in adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADAR), terminal nucleotidyl transferase (TENT), and activation-induced cytosine deaminase/ApoB mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (AID/APOBEC) protein family, regarding the biological function, biochemical activity, and substrate specificity originated from enzyme selves, their domains and partner proteins. In addition, we discussed the RME activity screening system, and the RME mutations with engineered enzyme activity. Furthermore, we provided a systematic overview of the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the RME-based and cross-linking and immunopurification (CLIP)-based RBP target profiling strategies, including targets of RNA-binding proteins identified by editing (TRIBE), RNA tagging, surveying targets by APOBEC-mediated profiling (STAMP), CLIP-seq, and their derivative technology. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Recognition RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification. Show less
Most coronary artery disease (CAD) risk loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are located in non-coding regions, hampering the interpretation of how they confer CAD risk. It is ess Show more
Most coronary artery disease (CAD) risk loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are located in non-coding regions, hampering the interpretation of how they confer CAD risk. It is essential to integrate GWAS with molecular traits data to further explore the genetic basis of CAD. We used the probabilistic Mendelian randomization (PMR) method to identify potential proteins involved in CAD by integrating CAD GWAS data (∼76,014 cases and ∼264,785 controls) and human plasma proteomes (N = 35,559). Then, Bayesian co-localization analysis, confirmatory PMR analysis using independent plasma proteome data (N = 7752), and gene expression data (N1 = 213, N2 = 670) were performed to validate candidate proteins. We further investigated the associations between candidate proteins and CAD-related traits and explored the rationality and biological functions of candidate proteins through disease enrichment, cell type-specific, GO, and KEGG enrichment analysis. This study inferred that the abundance of 30 proteins in the plasma was causally associated with CAD ( Our integration analysis has identified 30 candidate proteins for CAD, which may provide important leads to design future functional studies and potential drug targets for CAD. Show less
In recent years, the position of PCSK9 inhibitors as adjuvant therapy to statins in guidelines has further improved. However, there remained a dearth of direct comparative studies among different PCSK Show more
In recent years, the position of PCSK9 inhibitors as adjuvant therapy to statins in guidelines has further improved. However, there remained a dearth of direct comparative studies among different PCSK9 inhibitors. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a network meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different PCSK9 inhibitors combined with statins. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from the study's inception to 12 November 2023, encompassing multiple online databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov to obtain relevant randomized controlled trials. Frequentist network meta-analysis was employed to compare the efficacy and safety of different PCSK9 inhibitors. The efficacy endpoints were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). The safety endpoints were any adverse events (AE), severe adverse events (SAE), AE leading to treatment discontinuation, and injection-site reaction. Compared with placebo and ezetimibe, all PCSK9 inhibitors demonstrated significant reductions in LDL-C levels. Notably, evolocumab exhibited the most pronounced effect with a treatment difference of -63.67% (-68.47% to -58.87%) compared with placebo. Regarding dosage selection for evolocumab, the regimen of 140 mg Q2W (-69.13%, -74.55% to -63.72%) was superior to 420 mg QM (-61.51%, -65.97% to -57.05%). Based on rankings and Compared with placebo and ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors can significantly reduce LDL-C, ApoB, and Lp(a) when combined with statins to treat hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe exhibit similar safety profiles. [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42023490506]. Show less
Is there a relationship between serum uric acid and fructose levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? Elevated serum uric acid levels in women with PCOS positively correlate with serum fructose lev Show more
Is there a relationship between serum uric acid and fructose levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? Elevated serum uric acid levels in women with PCOS positively correlate with serum fructose levels, and elevated serum fructose levels are an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia in women with PCOS. Our previous study suggested a link between elevated serum fructose levels and PCOS. Fructose is unique as it generates uric acid during metabolism, and high uric acid levels are associated with metabolic disorders and an increased risk of anovulation. However, the relationship between serum uric acid and fructose levels in women with PCOS remains unclear. In a case-control study of 774 women (482 controls and 292 patients with PCOS) between May and October 2020 at the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, the relationship between uric acid and fructose levels in women with PCOS was examined. Participants were divided into subgroups based on various factors, including BMI, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured using enzymatic assays, and serum fructose levels were determined using a fluorescent enzyme immunoassay. Dietary fructose data were collected through a validated food-frequency questionnaire of 81 food items. We applied restricted cubic splines to a flexibly model and visualized the linear/nonlinear relationships between serum uric acid and fructose levels in PCOS. Multivariate logistic analysis was executed to assess the association between serum fructose levels and hyperuricemia in PCOS. Human granulosa cell and oocyte mRNA profile sequencing data were downloaded for mapping uric acid and fructose metabolism genes in PCOS. Further downstream analyses, including Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and protein-protein interactions were then carried out on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The correlation between uric acid and fructose metabolism genes was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The GeneCards database was used to identify DEGs related to uric acid and fructose metabolism in PCOS, and then several DEGs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Both serum fructose and uric acid levels were significantly increased in women with PCOS compared with the control women (P < 0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in dietary fructose intake between PCOS and controls, regardless of metabolic status. There was a positive linear correlation between serum uric acid and fructose levels in women with PCOS (Poverall < 0.001, Pnon-linear = 0.30). In contrast, no correlation was found in control women (Poverall = 0.712, Pnon-linear = 0.43). Additionally, a non-linear association was observed in the obese subgroup of patients with PCOS (Poverall < 0.001, Pnon-linear = 0.02). Serum uric acid levels were linearly and positively associated with serum fructose levels in patients with PCOS with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, even after adjusting for confounding factors, elevated serum fructose levels were an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia in patients with PCOS (P = 0.001; OR, 1.380; 95% CI, 1.207-1.577). There were 28 uric acid and 25 fructose metabolism genes which showed a significant correlation in PCOS. Seven upregulated genes (CAT, CRP, CCL2, TNF, MMP9, GCG, and APOB) related to uric acid and fructose metabolism in PCOS ovarian granulosa cells were ultimately successfully validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Due to limited conditions, more possible covariates (such as smoking and ethnicity) were not included, and the underlying molecular mechanism between fructose and uric acid levels in women with PCOS remains to be further investigated. The results of this study and our previous research indicate that the high uric acid status of PCOS may be mediated by fructose metabolism disorders, highlighting the importance of analyzing fructose metabolism, and especially its metabolic byproduct uric acid, during the clinical diagnosis of PCOS. These results suggest the adverse effects of high uric acid in PCOS, and the importance of taking early interventions regarding uric acid levels to reduce the occurrence and development of further clinical signs, such as metabolic disorders in women with PCOS. This work was supported by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82371647, No. 82071607, and No. 32100691); LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (No. XLYC1907071); Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (No. 151039); and Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital (No. 202003). No competing interests were declared. N/A. Show less
Egg performance significantly impacts the development of the local goose industry. The hypothalamus plays an essential role in the egg production of birds. However, few potential candidate genes and b Show more
Egg performance significantly impacts the development of the local goose industry. The hypothalamus plays an essential role in the egg production of birds. However, few potential candidate genes and biological functions related to egg production in geese have been identified in hypothalamus tissue. In this study, 115 geese were raised and observed for 5 months during the laying period. To understand the regulation mechanism of egg production, the hypothalamus transcriptome profiles of these geese were sequenced using RNA-seq. The hypothalamus samples of four high egg production (HEP) and four low egg production (LEP) geese were selected and collected, respectively. A total of 14,679 genes were identified in the samples. After multiple bioinformatics analyses, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations indicated that genes related to egg production were mainly enriched in biological processes of "response to light stimulus," "sensory system development," and "visual perception." Six potential candidate genes ( Show less
Olezarsen is a GalNAc A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 study was performed in 28 healthy Japanese American participants treated with olezarsen in single-ascending doses (SAD; 30, Show more
Olezarsen is a GalNAc A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 study was performed in 28 healthy Japanese American participants treated with olezarsen in single-ascending doses (SAD; 30, 60, 90 mg) or multiple doses (MD; 60 mg every 4 weeks for 4 doses). The primary, secondary, and exploratory objectives were safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and effects of olezarsen on fasting serum triglycerides and apoC-III, respectively. There were 20 participants (16 active:4 placebo) in the SAD part of the study, and 8 participants (6 active:2 placebo) in the MD part of the study. For the primary endpoint, no serious adverse events or clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities were reported. The majority of olezarsen plasma exposure occurred within 24 h post-dose. In the SAD cohorts at Day 15 the percentage reduction in apoC-III/TG was - 39.4%/ - 17.8%, - 60.8%/ - 52.7%, and - 68.1%/ - 39.2% in the 30, 60 and 90 mg doses, respectively, vs 2.3%/44.5% increases in placebo. In the MD cohort, at Day 92 the percentage reduction in apoC-III/TG was - 81.6/ - 73.8% vs - 17.2/ - 40.8% reduction in placebo. Favorable changes were also present in VLDL-C, apoB and HDL-C. Single- and multiple-dose administration of olezarsen was safe, was well tolerated, and significantly reduced apoC-III and triglyceride levels in healthy Japanese Americans. Show less
Dyslipidemia plays a very important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic factors, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are one of the main risks Show more
Dyslipidemia plays a very important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic factors, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are one of the main risks of dyslipidemia. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) is not only the rate-limiting enzyme step of endogenous cholesterol production, but also the therapeutic target of statins. We investigated 405 Han Chinese and 373 Uyghur people who took statins for a period of time, recorded their blood lipid levels and baseline data before and after oral statin administration, and extracted DNA from each subject for SNP typing of In this study, for rs17671591, the CC We found that Show less
To explore the diagnostic value of serum apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B100) combined with hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A total of 59 AD patients and 59 healthy subjects were selected. T Show more
To explore the diagnostic value of serum apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B100) combined with hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A total of 59 AD patients and 59 healthy subjects were selected. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used for neuropsychological assessment. Blood glucose and serum lipid levels were detected by biochemical analyzer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect apolipoprotein E (Apo E) ε3/ε4 genotypes in the plasma. Hippocampal volume was calculated using Slicer software. Independent-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the levels of various indicators between the two groups. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between each level. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to compare the diagnostic efficacy of individual and combined detection of serum Apo B100 levels and hippocampal volume in AD. Compared with the healthy control group, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Apo B100, and plasma Apo E ε3/ε4 were higher in the AD group, and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was lower in the AD group (both p < 0.05). The hippocampal volume in the AD group was lower than in the control group (p < 0.01). The serum Apo B100 level was negatively correlated with MMSE score (r = -0.646), whereas hippocampal volume was positively correlated with MMSE score (r = 0.630). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the combined serum Apo B100 level and hippocampal volume for AD was higher than that of either alone (AUC = 0.821, p < 0.01). Serum Apo B100 level is elevated, and the hippocampal volume is reduced in AD patients. The combined detection of the two has a higher diagnostic efficiency for AD than other alone and has the potential to become an important indicator for the diagnosis of AD in the future. Show less
This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin in treating moderate to severe metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This prospective, open-label, randomized s Show more
This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin in treating moderate to severe metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This prospective, open-label, randomized study included non-diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome and intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) levels >10 %, as determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( Thirty-two participants completed the study. Rosuvastatin resulted in a significant absolute (△IHCL: 7.61 ± 4.51 vs. 1.54 ± 5.33, p = 0.002) and relative reduction in IHCL (△IHCL%: -42.28 ± 24.90 % vs. -8.91 ± 31.93 %, p = 0.003) compared to the control. Reduction in IHCL correlated significantly with decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r = 0.574, p < 0.01), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (r = 0.660, p < 0.001), and free fatty acids (FFA) (r = 0.563, p = 0.005). No significant safety differences were observed between groups. Rosuvastatin significantly reduced hepatic steatosis in individuals with moderate to severe MAFLD and metabolic syndrome over 52 weeks, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Show less
It remains unclear whether lipid profiles and lipid-lowering medications are causally related to peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Explain whether there is a causal relationship between lipid status Show more
It remains unclear whether lipid profiles and lipid-lowering medications are causally related to peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Explain whether there is a causal relationship between lipid status and lipid-lowering drugs and PAD. In this two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, we assessed the causal relationship between lipid traits, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-associated genetic variants (HMGCR, NPC1L1, PCSK9, APOB), and the risk of PAD using genetic variants associated with these lipid markers. The study analyzed data from 1,654,960 individuals derived from the Global Lipid Genetics Consortium and the UK Biobank, ensuring a robust and comprehensive genetic insight into the effects of lipid dysfunction on PAD. We found genetically predicted associations between HDL-C (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.83-0.77), LDL-C (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12-1.50), TC (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01- 1.29), TG (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.24), APOB (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16-1.48), and APOA1 (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.97), and the risk of PAD. In addition, inhibition of PCSK9 was associated with a reduced risk of PAD (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57-0.79, P<0.001), while no association between the other three gene proxies of LDL inhibition including HMGCR (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.87-1.69, P=0.250), NPC1L1 (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.44-1.33, P=0.344), and APOB (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.87-1.26, P=0.890), and the risk of PAD were found. Based on genetic evidence, dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for PAD. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors may be an effective strategy for the treatment of PAD. Show less
Apolipoproteins and cortical morphology are closely associated with memory complaints, and both may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease. To examine whether apolipoprotein B (ApoB), ap Show more
Apolipoproteins and cortical morphology are closely associated with memory complaints, and both may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease. To examine whether apolipoprotein B (ApoB), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1), and their ratio (ApoB/ApoA1) are associated with cortical morphology in patients with memory complaints. Ninety-seven patients underwent neuropsychological testing, measurements of ApoB, ApoA1, ApoB/ApoA1, plasma Alzheimer's biomarker, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping, and 3T structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) scans. Based on sMRI scanning locations, patients were categorized into the University of Electronic Science and Technology (UESTC) and the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu (FPHC). The Computational Anatomy Toolbox within Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to calculate each patient's cortical morphology index based on sMRI data. The cortical morphology index and apolipoproteins were also analyzed. Significant positive correlations were found between ApoB and sulcal depth in the lateral occipital cortex among the UESTC, the FPHC, and the total sample groups, and negative correlations were observed between sulcal depth in the lateral occipital cortex and the scores of the Shape Trails Test Part A and B. In the FPHC group, the scores of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic, delayed recall of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Animal Fluency Test and Boston Naming Test were positively correlated with the sulcal depth. ApoB is associated with the sulcal depth in the lateral occipital cortex, potentially relating to speed/executive function in individuals with memory complaints. Show less
The integration of chemotherapy and immunotherapy as a first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) has been adopted in clinical practice, yet the response to immune check Show more
The integration of chemotherapy and immunotherapy as a first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) has been adopted in clinical practice, yet the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is variable, benefiting only a fraction of patients. The current absence of reliable biomarkers for predicting treatment response and prognosis represents a significant gap in knowledge, hindering the optimization of patient stratification and treatment planning. This retrospective cohort study aims to assess the potential predictive and prognostic significance of clinicopathological baseline features in ES-SCLC patients. Our study retrospectively analyzed the data of consecutive patients with ES-SCLC treated with first-line etoposide plus platinum chemotherapy ± immunotherapy at The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University from April 2017 to April 2023. Data on clinical information, serum laboratory indicators, pathological immunohistochemical markers, and progression-free survival (PFS) times were collected. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to determine whether these indicators could serve as independent prognostic factors for PFS. Further, potential predictive markers for treatment efficacy were identified using a Cox regression model that incorporated an interaction term between treatment modality and the indicator. A total of 121 patients with ES-SCLC were enrolled in the study, of whom 62 received chemotherapy alone, and 59 received chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy. Compared to chemotherapy alone, the addition of immunotherapy to first-line chemotherapy significantly extended the PFS time [P<0.001; hazard ratio (HR) =0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28, 0.64] of the ES-SCLC patients. The multivariate analysis revealed that an immunochemotherapy regimen (P<0.001, HR =0.40; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.68), a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level of >1.8 mmol/L (P=0.02; HR =0.41; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.85) were independent prognostic factors of favorable PFS in the first-line treatment of all ES-SCLC, while a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of >273 U/L (P=0.04; HR =1.78; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.07), a neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentration of >102.6 ng/mL (P=0.009; HR =6.49; 95% CI: 1.60, 26.32), an apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) concentration of >0.9 g/L (P<0.001; HR =4.15; 95% CI: 1.98, 8.71), and an apolipoprotein B (ApoB) concentration of >0.8 g/L (P=0.002; HR =2.24; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.75) were independent prognostic factors of poorer PFS. Further, the interaction effect analysis demonstrated that an LDL level of >1.8 mmol/L and the absence of bone metastasis were potential predictors of an improved response to ICI therapy compared to chemotherapy alone. This study showed the survival benefit of receiving a chemoimmunotherapy regimen as the first-line treatment in a real-world scenario. It also suggests the prognostic significance of pre-treatment LDL, LDH, NSE, ApoA1, and ApoB with optimal cut-off values in the first-line treatment of all ES-SCLC, and the potential utility of baseline LDL level or the presence of bone metastasis in guiding first-line treatment strategies. Show less
This study aimed to investigate the effects of hepatic microRNA-122 (miR-122) on Sortilin-mediated apolipoprotein B100 (apoB-100) secretion, and on aortic lipid deposition and atherosclerosis (AS) les Show more
This study aimed to investigate the effects of hepatic microRNA-122 (miR-122) on Sortilin-mediated apolipoprotein B100 (apoB-100) secretion, and on aortic lipid deposition and atherosclerosis (AS) lesions and to clarify the antiatherosclerotic mechanism of 6-methylcoumarin (6-MC) via the modulation of miR-122. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-122 was putatively overexpressed in a liver-specific manner and was downregulated in steatotic livers. miR-122 was shown to suppress the expression of Sortilin by complementarily pairing to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Sortilin mRNA via bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assays, impeding Sortilin-mediated apoB-100 secretion from HepG2 cells. Administration of 6-MC significantly upregulated hepatocellular miR-122 levels, reducing Sortilin expression and apoB-100 secretion in HepG2 cells. The miR-122 mimic vigorously enhanced 6-MC-depressed Sortilin expression, while miR-122 inhibitor repealed the inhibitory effect of 6-MC on Sortilin expression to some extent in HepG2 cells. After internal intervention with the miR-122 precursor, and 6-MC supplementation alone or in combination with the miR-122 sponge led to the reduction in blood triglyceride (TG) levels, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and apoB-100 and a reduction in aortic lipid deposition and AS lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE Show less
Environmental contaminants (ECs) are increasingly recognized as crucial drivers of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the comprehensive impact spectrum and interlinking mechanisms rema Show more
Environmental contaminants (ECs) are increasingly recognized as crucial drivers of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the comprehensive impact spectrum and interlinking mechanisms remain uncertain. We aimed to systematically evaluate the association between exposure to 80 ECs across seven divergent categories and markers of dyslipidemia and investigate their underpinning biomolecular mechanisms via an unbiased integrative approach of internal chemical exposome and multi-omics. A longitudinal study involving 76 healthy older adults was conducted in Jinan, China, and participants were followed five times from 10 September 2018 to 19 January 2019 in 1-month intervals. A broad spectrum of seven chemical categories covering the prototypes and metabolites of 102 ECs in serum or urine as well as six serum dyslipidemia markers [total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein (Apo)A1, ApoB, and ApoE4] were measured. Multi-omics, including the blood transcriptome, serum/urine metabolome, and serum lipidome, were profiled concurrently. Exposome-wide association study and the deletion/substitution/addition algorithms were applied to explore the associations between 80 EC exposures detection frequency Eight main ECs [1-naphthalene, 1-pyrene, 2-fluorene, dibutyl phosphate, tri-phenyl phosphate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, chromium, and vanadium] were significantly associated with most dyslipidemia markers. Multi-omics indicated that the associations were mediated by endogenous biomolecules and pathways, primarily pertinent to CVD, inflammation, and metabolism. Clinical measures of cytokines and electrocardiograms further cross-validated the association of these exogenous ECs with systemic inflammation and cardiac function, demonstrating their potential mechanisms in driving dyslipidemia pathogenesis. It is imperative to prioritize mitigating exposure to these ECs in the primary prevention and control of the dyslipidemia epidemic. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13864. Show less
Aberrant lipid metabolism is intricately linked to the development of endometrial cancer, and statin lipid-lowering medications are regarded as promising adjunctive therapies for future management of Show more
Aberrant lipid metabolism is intricately linked to the development of endometrial cancer, and statin lipid-lowering medications are regarded as promising adjunctive therapies for future management of this malignancy. This study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal association between lipid traits and endometrial cancer while assessing the potential impact of drug targets on lower lipids on endometrial cancer. Two-sample Mendelian randomization was employed to probe the causal association between lipid traits and endometrial carcinoma. Drug-target Mendelian randomization was also utilized to identify potential drug-target genes for managing endometrial carcinoma. In instances where lipid-mediated effects through particular drug targets were notable, the impacts of these drug targets on endometrial carcinoma risk factors were investigated to bolster the findings. No causal association between genetically predicted lipid traits (LDL-C, TG, TC, and HDL-C) and EC was found in two-sample Mendelian randomization. In drug target Mendelian randomization, genetic modeling of apolipoprotein B (APOB) (OR [95%CI]=0.31, [0.16-0.60]; The results of our MR study revealed no causal association between genetically predicted lipid traits (LDL-C, TG, TC, and HDL-C) and EC. Among the six lipid-lowering drug targets, we observed a significant association between lower predicted APOB levels and higher CETP levels with an increased risk of endometrioid carcinoma. These findings provide novel insights into the importance of lipid regulation in individuals with endometrial carcinoma, warranting further clinical validation and mechanistic investigations. Show less
Unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) is a clinical dilemma in reproductive fields. Its diagnosis is mainly exclusionary after extensive clinical examination, and some of the patients may still Show more
Unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) is a clinical dilemma in reproductive fields. Its diagnosis is mainly exclusionary after extensive clinical examination, and some of the patients may still face the risk of miscarriage. We analyzed follicular fluid (FF) from Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEPs are involved in the biological processes (BP) of complement and coagulation cascades. Apolipoproteins (APOs) are key proteins in the PPI network. ELISA confirmed that APOB was low-expressed in both the FF and peripheral blood of URPL patients. Dysregulation of the immune network intersecting coagulation and inflammatory response is an essential feature of URPL, and this disequilibrium exists as early as the oogenesis stage. Therefore, earlier intervention is necessary to prevent the development of URPL. Moreover, aberrant lipoprotein regulation appears to be a key factor contributing to URPL. The mechanism by which these factors are involved in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways remains to be further investigated, which also provides new candidate targets for URPL treatment. Show less
The relationship between insulin resistance-related indices and the outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between the Apo B/Apo A-1 rati Show more
The relationship between insulin resistance-related indices and the outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio and the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) with the 90-day outcomes of AIS. A total of 2011 AIS patients with a 3-month follow-up were enrolled in the present study from January 2017 to July 2021. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was performed to analyze the relationship between Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio, PNI, and AIS poor outcomes. The mediating effect between the three was analyzed using the Bootstrap method with PNI as the mediating variable. Among the 2011 included AIS patients, 20.3% had a poor outcome. Patients were categorized according to quartiles of Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio and PNI. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the fourth Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio quartile had poorer outcomes than the first quartile (OR 1.75,95%CL 1.21-2.53, P=0.003), and the fourth PNI quartile exhibited a lower risk of poor outcomes than the first quartile (OR 0.40, 95%CL 0.27-0.61, P<0.001). PNI displayed a significant partially mediating effect (21.4%) between the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio and poor AIS outcomes. The Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio is a risk factor for poor AIS outcomes, whereas PNI acts as a protective factor. The association between the ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio and poor AIS outcomes was partially mediated by PNI. Show less
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in blood at much lower concentrations (5-6 orders of magnitude) compared to lipoprotein particles (LP). Because LP and EV overlap in size and density, isolatin Show more
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in blood at much lower concentrations (5-6 orders of magnitude) compared to lipoprotein particles (LP). Because LP and EV overlap in size and density, isolating high-purity EVs is a significant challenge. While the current two-step sequential EV isolation process using size-expression chromatography (SEC) followed by a density gradient (DG) achieves high purity, the time-consuming ultracentrifugation (UC) step in DG hinders workflow efficiency. This paper introduces an optimized magnetic bead reagent, LipoMin, functionalized with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), as a rapid alternative for LP removal during the second-step process in about 10 minutes. We evaluated LipoMin's efficacy on two sample types: (a) EV fractions isolated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC + LipoMin) and (b) the pellet obtained from ultracentrifugation (UC + LipoMin). The workflow is remarkably simple, involving a 10 min incubation with LipoMin followed by magnetic separation of the LP-depleted EV-containing supernatant. Results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that LipoMin removes 98.2% ApoB from SEC EV fractions, comparable to the LP removal ability of DG in the SEC + DG two-step process. Importantly, the EV yield (CD81 ELISA) remained at 93.0% and Western blot analysis confirmed that key EV markers, flotillin and CD81, were not compromised. Recombinant EV (rEV), an EV reference standard, was spiked into SEC EV fractions and recovered 89% of CD81 protein. For UC + LipoMin, ApoA1 decreased by 76.5% while retaining 90.7% of CD81. Notably, both colorectal cancer (CRC) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) samples processed by SEC + LipoMin and UC + LipoMin displayed clear expression of relevant EV and clinical markers. With a 10 min workflow (resulting in a 96% time saving compared to the traditional method), the LipoMin reagent offers a rapid and efficient alternative to DG for LP depletion, paving the way for a streamlined SEC + LipoMin two-step EV isolation process. Show less
Previous observational studies have reported a possible association between circulating lipids and lipid-lowering drugs and male infertility (MIF), as well as the mediating role of circulating vitamin Show more
Previous observational studies have reported a possible association between circulating lipids and lipid-lowering drugs and male infertility (MIF), as well as the mediating role of circulating vitamin D. Then, due to issues such as bias, reverse causality, and residual confounding, inferring causal relationships from these studies may be challenging. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of circulating lipids and lipid-lowering drugs on MIF through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and evaluate the mediating role of vitamin D. Genetic variations related to lipid traits and the lipid-lowering effect of lipid modification targets are extracted from the Global Alliance for Lipid Genetics Genome-Wide Association Study. The summary statistics for MIF are from the FinnGen 9th edition. Using quantitative expression feature loci data from relevant organizations to obtain genetic variations related to gene expression level, further to explore the relationship between these target gene expression levels and MIF risk. Two-step MR analysis is used to explore the mediating role of vitamin D. Multiple sensitivity analysis methods (co-localization analysis, Egger intercept test, Cochrane's Q test, pleiotropy residuals and outliers (MR-PRESSO), and the leave-one-out method) are used to demonstrate the reliability of our results. In our study, we observed that lipid modification of four lipid-lowering drug targets was associated with MIF risk, the LDLR activator (equivalent to a 1-SD decrease in LDL-C) (OR=1.94, 95% CI 1.14-3.28, FDR=0.040), LPL activator (equivalent to a 1-SD decrease in TG) (OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.25-2.76, FDR=0.022), and CETP inhibitor (equivalent to a 1-SD increase in HDL-C) (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.07-1.53, FDR=0.035) were associated with a higher risk of MIF. The HMGCR inhibitor (equivalent to a 1-SD decrease in LDL-C) was associated with a lower risk of MIF (OR=0.38, 95% CI 0.17-0.83, FDR=0.39). Lipid-modifying effects of three targets were partially mediated by serum vitamin D levels. Mediation was 0.035 (LDLR activator), 0.012 (LPL activator), and 0.030 (CETP inhibitor), with mediation ratios of 5.34% (LDLR activator), 1.94% (LPL activator), and 12.2% (CETP inhibitor), respectively. In addition, there was no evidence that lipid properties and lipid modification effects of six other lipid-lowering drug targets were associated with MIF risk. Multiple sensitivity analysis methods revealed insignificant evidence of bias arising from pleiotropy or genetic confounding. This study did not support lipid traits (LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, Apo-A1, and Apo-B) as pathogenic risk factors for MIF. It emphasized that LPL, LDLR, CETP, and HMGCR were promising drug targets for improving male fertility. Show less
Platycodin D (PD) has been reported to treat metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, platycodin D has been reported to activate intestinal 5'AMP-activated protein Show more
Platycodin D (PD) has been reported to treat metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, platycodin D has been reported to activate intestinal 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation levels, thereby reducing lipid absorption. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore whether PD activation of intestinal AMPK and reduced lipid absorption can improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clean-grade male C57/BL mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (containing 60% calories) for 16 weeks, and oral PD (10 mg/kg/day) was administered at the same time. The liver and intestines were the collected, and the intestines were tested. The expressions of lipid absorption genes (CD36, NPC1L1, and ApoB), the serum total triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in the intestines and livers, the fecal free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and the expression of AMPK phosphorylated proteins in the intestines were examined using Western blot analyses. The lipid distribution in the livers, intestines, and fat was detected using Oil Red O and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. A colon cancer cell line (Caco2) was used to confirm the effect of PD on the cellular lipid uptake PD had a very significant therapeutic or preventive effect on metabolic syndrome and fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet. PD improved body weight, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet and also prevented non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, reduced blood lipid levels, and increased fecal lipid excretion. In addition, PD reduced lipid absorption by activating the intestinal AMPK protein, which may have involved the inhibition of the gene expression levels of intestinal lipid absorption genes (CD36, NPC1L1, and ApoB). The combined effect of these factors improved hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. It was further found that PD also improved the body weights and blood lipid levels of leptin-deficient mice (OB) mice. PD had a very strong therapeutic effect on mice under a high-fat diet. PD reduced high-fat diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting intestinal fat absorption. Show less
To investigate the correlation of apolipoprotein B/A1 (Apo B/A1) ratio with hemodynamics and degree of hearing impairment in elderly patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). A total of Show more
To investigate the correlation of apolipoprotein B/A1 (Apo B/A1) ratio with hemodynamics and degree of hearing impairment in elderly patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). A total of 82 elderly patients with SSNHL diagnosed and treated in our hospital from July 2019 to September 2022 were retrospectively selected as the research group. The patients were divided into the mild group (22 cases), the moderate group (45 cases), and the severe group (15 cases) according to the degree of hearing impairment. 82 elderly people who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The ApoB/A1 ratio and hemodynamic [whole blood low-shear viscosity (LSV), whole blood high-shear viscosity (HSV) and plasma viscosity (PV)] were measured in the two groups. The correlation of ApoB/A1 ratio with hemodynamics and degree of hearing impairment was analyzed. The predictive value of ApoB/A1 ratio and hemodynamics for the severity of SSNHL in elderly patients was analyzed. Compared with the control group, the ApoB/A1 ratio, and the levels of LSV, HSV and PV were higher in the research group ( The contents of ApoB/A1, HSV, LSV and PV were significantly increased in elderly patients with SSNHL, and their levels are significantly related to the degree of hearing impairment. The combined detection has high value in evaluating the severity of the disease. Show less
Despite centuries of traditional use of silymarin for hepatoprotection, current randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies on the effectiveness of silymarin in managing metabolic dysfunction-associated Show more
Despite centuries of traditional use of silymarin for hepatoprotection, current randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies on the effectiveness of silymarin in managing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are limited and inconclusive, particularly when it is administered alone. The low bioavailability of silymarin highlights the possible influence of gut microbiota on the effectiveness of silymarin; however, no human studies have investigated this aspect. To determine the potential efficacy of silymarin in improving MASLD indicators and to investigate the underlying mechanisms related to gut microbiota. In this 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 83 patients with MASLD were randomized to either placebo (n = 41) or silymarin (103.2 mg/d, n = 42). At 0, 12, and 24 weeks, liver stiffness and hepatic steatosis were assessed using FibroScan, and blood samples were gathered for biochemical detection, while faecal samples were collected at 0 and 24 weeks for 16S rRNA sequencing. Silymarin supplementation significantly reduced liver stiffness (LSM, -0.21 ± 0.17 vs. 0.41 ± 0.17, P = 0.015) and serum levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, -8.21 ± 3.01 vs. 1.23 ± 3.16, P = 0.042) and ApoB (-0.02 ± 0.03 vs. 0.07 ± 0.03, P = 0.023) but had no significant effect on the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), other biochemical indicators (aminotransferases, total bilirubin, glucose and lipid parameters, hsCRP, SOD, and UA), physical measurements (DBP, SBP, BMI, WHR, BF%, and BMR), or APRI and FIB-4 indices. Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased species diversity and enrichment of Oscillospiraceae in the silymarin group. These findings suggest that silymarin supplementation could improve liver stiffness in MASLD patients, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200059043). Show less
Liver oncogenesis is accompanied by discernible protein changes in the bloodstream. By employing plasma proteomic profiling, we can delve into the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer and pinpoint pot Show more
Liver oncogenesis is accompanied by discernible protein changes in the bloodstream. By employing plasma proteomic profiling, we can delve into the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer and pinpoint potential biomarkers. In this nested case-control study, we applied liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for proteome profiling in baseline plasma samples. Differential protein expression was determined and was subjected to functional enrichment, network, and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. We identified 193 proteins with notable differential levels between the groups. Of these proteins, MR analysis offered a compelling negative association between apolipoprotein B (APOB) and liver cancer. This association was further corroborated in the UK Biobank cohort: genetically predicted APOB levels were associated with a 31% (95% CI 19-42%) decreased risk of liver cancer; and phenotypic analysis indicated an 11% (95% CI 8-14%) decreased liver cancer risk for every 0.1 g/L increase of circulating APOB levels. Multivariable MR analysis suggested that the hepatic fat content might fully mediate the APOB-liver cancer connection. In summary, we identified some plasma proteins, particularly APOB, as potential biomarkers of liver cancer. Our findings underscore the intricate link between lipid metabolism and liver cancer, offering hints for targeted prophylactic strategies and early detection. Show less
Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients have an increased susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) due to dysregulated lipid deposition. We conducted a comprehensive investigation to gain insights int Show more
Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients have an increased susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) due to dysregulated lipid deposition. We conducted a comprehensive investigation to gain insights into the specific roles of Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB-100) in the development of CHD in patients suffering from SCI. First, we established an SCI rat model through semitransection. APOB-100 expression in plasma exosomes obtained from patients were determined. Subsequently, we found APOB-100 affected macrophage polarization when treating co-cultured neurons/macrophages lacking Sortilin with extracellular vesicles derived from SCI rats, where APOB-100 co-immunoprecipitated with Sortilin. Moreover, APOB-100 upregulation reduced neuronal cell viability and triggered apoptosis by upregulating Sortilin, leading to a decline in the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale, exacerbation of neuron injury, increased macrophage infiltration, and elevated blood lipid-related indicators in SCI rats, which could be reversed by silencing Sortilin. In conclusion, APOB-100 from post-SCI patients' extracellular vesicles upregulates Sortilin, thereby endangering those patients to CHD. Show less
Diabetes mellitus is generally accompanied by dyslipidaemia, but inconsistent relationships between lipid profiles and diabetes are noted. Moreover, genetic variations in insertion/deletion (I/D) poly Show more
Diabetes mellitus is generally accompanied by dyslipidaemia, but inconsistent relationships between lipid profiles and diabetes are noted. Moreover, genetic variations in insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms at angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) and T/C polymorphisms in the angiotensin type 1 receptor gene (AGTR1) are related to diabetes and lipid levels, but the associations are controversial. Thus, the current research aimed to explore the effects of ACE I/D, AGTR1 rs5182 and diabetes mellitus on serum lipid profiles in 385 Chinese participants with an average age of 75.01 years. The ACE I/D variant was identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, whereas the AGTR1 rs5182 polymorphism was identified using the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and verified with DNA sequencing. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured using routine methods, and the lipid ratios were calculated. ACE I/D, but not AGTR1 rs5182, was a predictor of TG/HDL-C for the whole study population. Both ACE I/D and AGTR1 rs5182 were predictors of HDL-C and LDL-C levels in females but not in males. Moreover, in females, diabetes mellitus and ACE I/D were identified as predictors of TG and TG/HDL-C, whereas AGTR1 rs5182 and diabetes mellitus were predictors of TG/HDL-C. Moreover, diabetes mellitus and the combination of ACE I/D and AGTR1 rs5182 variations were predictors of TG and TG/HDL-C exclusively in females. The results demonstrated the potential for gender-dependent interactions of ACE I/D, AGTR1 rs5182, and diabetes on lipid profiles. These findings may serve as an additional explanation for the inconsistent changes of blood lipids in individuals with diabetes mellitus, thereby offering a novel perspective for the clinical management of blood lipid levels in diabetic patients. Show less
This study aims to investigate the association between nine tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the A case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between CAD and Results Show more
This study aims to investigate the association between nine tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the A case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between CAD and Results of the polymorphism study indicated that the The Show less
Unfavourable lipid and glucose levels may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, there is a lack of prospective studies on the relationship between li Show more
Unfavourable lipid and glucose levels may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, there is a lack of prospective studies on the relationship between lipid profiles, lipid ratios and GDM during pregnancy. To prospectively investigate the relationship between lipid profile and lipid ratios in early and mid-pregnancy and their pattern of change from early to mid-pregnancy and the risk of GDM. This nested case-control study was based on maternal and child healthcare hospitals from Fujian Province, China. We included pregnant women who delivered in the hospital from January 2021 to June 2023. Lipid profiles (TC, TG, ApoA1, ApoB, HDL-c, LDL-c) and fasting glucose were measured before 14 weeks of gestation and between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation, and lipid ratios (triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c and TC/HDL-c) was constructed. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lipid profile, lipid ratios and GDM. Of 1586 pregnant women, 741 were diagnosed with GDM. After adjusting for potential confounders, TG, ApoA1, ApoB, LDL-c, triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c in early pregnancy were positively associated with the risk of GDM (odds ratios [95% CI] for extreme interquartile comparisons were 2.040 (1.468-2.843), 1.506 (1.091-2.082), 1.529 (1.110-2.107), 1.504 (1.086-2.086), 1.952 (1.398-2.731), 2.127 (1.526-2.971), and 2.370 (1.700-3.312), all trend P < 0.05). HDL-c was negatively associated with the risk of GDM (0.639: 0.459-0.889, trend P all less than 0.05). Similarly, in mid-pregnancy, lower levels of HDL-c, higher levels of triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c ratio, and TC/HDL-c ratio were associated with increased risk of GDM (all trends P < 0.05). Stably high levels (both ≥ median for early and mid-pregnancy) of triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c and TC/HDL-c were associated with increased risk of GDM (OR [95% CI]: 2.369 (1.438-3.940), 1.588 (1.077-2.341), 1.921 (1.309-2.829), respectively). The opposite was true for HDL-c, where stable high levels were negatively associated with GDM risk (OR [95% CI]: 0.599 (0.405-0.883)). Increases in triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c ratio, and TC/HDL-c ratio in early and mid-pregnancy, as well as their stable high levels from early to mid-pregnancy, are associated with a higher risk of GDM. In contrast, increased levels of HDL-c, both in early and mid-pregnancy, and their stable high levels from early to mid-pregnancy were associated with a lower risk of GDM. That highlighted their possible clinical relevance in identifying those at high risk of GDM. Show less
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide that can lead to serious injury and death. Although polysaccharides are widely recognized as having antitumor activity, there has Show more
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide that can lead to serious injury and death. Although polysaccharides are widely recognized as having antitumor activity, there has been little research on the role of barley polysaccharides (BP) Show less