Crateva magna (Cm) was utilized as a folkloric medicine against neurological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile of Cm leaf extract and its endophytic fungus, Nigrospo Show more
Crateva magna (Cm) was utilized as a folkloric medicine against neurological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile of Cm leaf extract and its endophytic fungus, Nigrospora oryzae (No) extract. Additionally, the neuroprotective potential of their optimized bilosomes (BLs) will be assessed as an approach to Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS chemical profiling was performed. In vitro anti-Alzheimer activity of Cm and No extracts was evaluated against AChE and BACE1 enzymes. Cm-BLs and No-BLs were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique. In vivo anti-Alzheimer potential was assessed in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced sporadic AD mouse model. Behavioral assays, neurochemical assays, RT-PCR analysis, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed. Chemical profiling revealed diverse metabolites from various chemical classes. The major class identified in Cm extract was flavonoids, e.g., kaempferol-O-hexoside, whereas in No extract, it was alkaloids, e.g., phenazine carboxamide. The neuropathological markers (Aβ1-42, IL-6, and p-Tau protein) were reduced by ≈50% and 60% in mice receiving Cm-BLs and No-BLs, respectively, relative to the STZ group. Also, the BLs exhibited the greatest ability to downregulate the expression of p-JNK, p-P38, and p-ERK in the brain. Histopathological examination revealed that No-BLs showed the highest protection for the hippocampus and cerebral cortex regions. Also, it revealed a significantly decreased reaction for NFκB in cerebral cortex neurons. Cm-BLs and No-BLs exhibit considerable potential as novel adjuvant therapies for AD, utilizing natural bioactive compounds to improve the efficiency of targeted drug delivery and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Show less
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common types of dementia, is an urgent and growing global challenge. AD pathogenesis is associated with increased activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme Show more
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common types of dementia, is an urgent and growing global challenge. AD pathogenesis is associated with increased activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (β-secretase, BACE1). This study aimed to evaluate the AChE and BACE1 inhibitory activities of the n-hexane soluble fraction of Crateva magna leaf extract (CMHF) and its cytotoxic properties against cancer and normal cell lines using MTT assay, also this study aimed to identify the volatile constituents of CMHF by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 13 metabolites which represent 92.42% of the detected compounds. Phytol was the major constituent of CMHF, representing 20.52% followed by (Z, Z, Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester (19.04%), γ-sitosterol (13.71%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (12.63%) and others. CMHF revealed potent AChE and BACE1 inhibitory activities with IC Show less