👤 Thomas Earnest

The transcription factor achaete-scute complexhomolog 1 (ASCL1) is a lineage oncogene that is central in growth and survival of the majority of small cell lung cancers and neuroendocrine (NE) non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) that express it. Targeting ASCL1, or its downstream pathways, remains a challenge. Small cell lung cancers and NSCLC-NE that express ASCL1 exhibit relatively low ERK1/2 activity, in dramatic contrast to NSCLCs in which the ERK pathway plays a major role in pathogenesis. ERK1/2 inhibition in ASCL1-expressing lung tumor cells revealed downregulation of ERK1/2 pathway suppressors SPRY4, SPRED1, DUSP6, and the transcription factor ETV5, which regulates DUSP6. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing demonstrated that these genes are bound by ASCL1. Availability of a pharmacologic inhibitor directed mechanistic studies toward DUSP6, an ERK1/2-selective phosphatase, in a subset of ASCL1-high NE lung tumors. Inhibition of DUSP6 increased active ERK1/2, which accumulated in the nucleus. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of DUSP6 reduced proliferation and survival of these cancers. Resistance developed in DUSP6-knockout cells, indicating a bypass mechanism. Although targeting ASCL1 remains a challenge, our findings suggest that expression of ASCL1, DUSP6, and low phospho-ERK1/2 identifies NE lung cancers for which DUSP6 may be a therapeutic target. Show less

The transcription factor achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1) is a lineage oncogene that is central for the growth and survival of small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and neuroendocrine non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC-NE) that express it. Targeting ASCL1, or its downstream pathways, remains a challenge. However, a potential clue to overcoming this challenage has been information that SCLC and NSCLC-NE that express ASCL1 exhibit extremely low ERK1/2 activity, and efforts to increase ERK1/2 activity lead to inhibition of SCLC growth and surival. Of course, this is in dramatic contrast to the majority of NSCLCs where high activity of the ERK pathway plays a major role in cancer pathogenesis. A major knowledge gap is defining the mechanism(s) underlying the low ERK1/2 activity in SCLC, determining if ERK1/2 activity and ASCL1 function are inter-related, and if manipulating ERK1/2 activity provides a new therapeutic strategy for SCLC. We first found that expression of ERK signaling and ASCL1 have an inverse relationship in NE lung cancers: knocking down ASCL1 in SCLCs and NE-NSCLCs increased active ERK1/2, while inhibition of residual SCLC/NSCLC-NE ERK1/2 activity with a MEK inhibitor increased ASCL1 expression. To determine the effects of ERK activity on expression of other genes, we obtained RNA-seq from ASCL1-expressing lung tumor cells treated with an ERK pathway MEK inhibitor and identified down-regulated genes (such as SPRY4, ETV5, DUSP6, SPRED1) that potentially could influence SCLC/NSCLC-NE tumor cell survival. This led us to discover that genes regulated by MEK inhibition suppress ERK activation and CHIP-seq demonstrated these are bound by ASCL1. In addition, SPRY4, DUSP6, SPRED1 are known suppressors of the ERK1/2 pathway, while ETV5 regulates DUSP6. Survival of NE lung tumors was inhibited by activation of ERK1/2 and a subset of ASCL1-high NE lung tumors expressed DUSP6. Because the dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) is an ERK1/2-selective phosphatase that inactivates these kinases and has a pharmacologic inhibitor, we focused mechanistic studies on DUSP6. These studies showed: Inhibition of DUSP6 increased active ERK1/2, which accumulated in the nucleus; pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of DUSP6 affected proliferation and survival of ASCL1-high NE lung cancers; and that knockout of DUSP6 "cured" some SCLCs while in others resistance rapidly developed indicating a bypass mechanism was activated. Thus, our findings fill this knowledge gap and indicate that combined expression of ASCL1, DUSP6 and low phospho-ERK1/2 identify some neuroendocrine lung cancers for which DUSP6 may be a therapeutic target. Show less

Dapper was isolated in a screen for proteins interacting with Dishevelled, a key factor in Wnt signaling. Dapper and Dishevelled colocalize intracellularly and form a complex with Axin, GSK-3, CKI, and beta-catenin. Overexpression of Dapper increases Axin and GSK-3 in this complex, resulting in decreased soluble beta-catenin and decreased activation of beta-catenin-responsive genes. Dapper also inhibits activation by Dishevelled of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a component of beta-catenin-independent Frizzled signaling. Inhibition of Dapper activates both beta-catenin-responsive genes and an AP1-responsive promoter, demonstrating that Dapper is a general Dishevelled antagonist. Depletion of maternal Dapper RNA from Xenopus embryos results in loss of notochord and head structures, demonstrating that Dapper is required for normal vertebrate development. Show less