Despite the well-established benefits of statin therapy in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, many patients fail to achieve recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( Show more
Despite the well-established benefits of statin therapy in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, many patients fail to achieve recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets or experience statin intolerance, necessitating alternative approaches. This review examines advances in non-statin lipid-lowering therapies, focusing on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (monoclonal antibodies and inclisiran), bempedoic acid, and other non-statin lipid medications. We evaluate their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles on the basis of landmark trials. A conceptual framework for personalized lipid management is proposed, addressing residual cardiovascular risk, statin intolerance, and complex patient profiles. Clinical decision pathways are presented for high-risk patients, statin-intolerant individuals, and those with adherence challenges. We explore emerging therapies targeting novel pathways, including lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein C-III inhibitors, angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibitors, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, and gene-editing technologies. Implementation barriers, including cost considerations, insurance challenges, and global access disparities, are discussed alongside solutions. Show less