👤 Hiroshi Hosoda

The precise mechanism of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor on reno-protective effect has been still unclear. In this study, we hypothesised that SGLT2 inhibitor prevents diabetic kidney disease via reduction of hypoxia-induced factors. In this multicenter, prospective, randomised, double blinded clinical trial, people with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria were randomised equally to empagliflozin (10 mg/day) (n = 40) and placebo (n = 39) and followed 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) and urinary liver type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) excretion from baseline to 24 weeks. Major secondary outcome was change in serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-like proteins 2 (ANGPTL2), angiopoietin-like proteins 4 (ANGPTL4), and adrenomedullin (AM) levels. Although the reduction of ACR was significantly greater in the empagliflozin group than the placebo group at 4 and 12 weeks, the difference of change at 24 weeks between the two groups was not statistically significant (Empagliflozin group-Placebo group: -0.3643, 95% CI: -0.7571 to 0.0285, p = 0.0686). There was no difference in urinary L-FABP excretion between the empagliflozin and placebo groups. Serum VEGF and ANGPTL2 decreased significantly more in the empagliflozin group, whereas there were no significant differences in AM and ANGPTL4. These results demonstrated that empagliflozin partially suppressed the hypoxia-induced angiogenic factors overproduction in addition to a declining trend in ACR in the early stage of diabetic kidney disease, which might contribute to the mechanisms of reno-protective effects of this agent (jRCTs051200147). Show less

Type 2 diabetic patients exhibited an increased secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with a greater amount of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Given that apolipoprotein B (apoB), a proatherogenic lipoprotein, exists at both triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and LDL particles, circulating apoB may associate with diabetic coronary atherosclerosis. The OPTIMAL study was a prospective randomized-controlled study which employed serial near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)/intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging to evaluate the efficacy of glycemic control on coronary atherosclerosis in 94 statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (UMIN000036721). Of these, 78 patients with both serial apoB levels and NIRS/IVUS images at baseline and week 48 were analyzed. NIRS/IVUS-derived plaque measures were compared in those with and without any reduction of apoB levels. All of the study subjects received a statin, and 60.6% of the study subjects exhibited any reduction of apoB levels. There was no significant difference in the atheroma progression rate between the 2 groups (-0.27 ± 0.15% vs -0.33 ± 0.51%, P = .44). However, patients with any reduction of apoB levels exhibited a greater frequency of change in maximal lipid-core burden index at 4-mm segment (maxLCBI In statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients with CAD, a greater delipidation of coronary atherosclerosis was observed in association with a reduction of apoB levels. The current findings indicate a potential anti-atherosclerotic effect of lowering apoB levels, which may ultimately mitigate future coronary events risk in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients with CAD. Show less

Adiponectin is an anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic protein secreted primarily from adipose tissue. Adiponectin and modified LDL (mLDL) form a complex to modulate their biological activity. To elucidate the significance of the complex formation, we analyzed its effects on vascular tissue and developed and verified novel quantifying methods for adiponectin. To study the significance of the mLDL-adiponectin complex (MAC) formation, we used the wire-myography method on rat mesenteric artery. We developed a method to measure MAC by using LOX-1 as the capture protein and anti-adiponectin antibody for detection. We compared serum MAC levels between hemodialysis patients and control subjects. Administering mLDL alone to rat mesenteric artery impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, whereas simultaneously administering adiponectin with mLDL protected rat mesenteric artery from the mLDL-induced impairment of vasorelaxation. This finding indicates MAC formation prevents endothelium from mLDL-induced dysfunction in tissue. Using our novel ELISA for MAC, we found that MAC was increasingly detectable depending on the doses of mLDL and adiponectin in vitro. In serum, hemodialysis patients showed a significantly higher ratio of MAC-high patients (higher than the median level of MAC) than did healthy controls. Furthermore, the MAC-high hemodialysis group had lower mLDL activity measured as LOX-1 ligand containing apoB. Using our ELISA, we detected MAC in human serum that protected blood vessels from the deleterious effects of oxidized LDL. Show less

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) with wild-type KRAS constitute a small fraction of PDACs, and these tumors were recently shown to harbor frequent actionable oncogenic mutations and fusions. However, the clinicopathological features of KRAS wild-type PDAC have not been well studied. Additionally, precancerous lesions occurring in patients with KRAS wild-type PDACs have rarely been characterized. Here, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of 75 patients with KRAS wild-type PDAC. Molecular analyses were performed in 40 patients using targeted DNA and whole-exome sequencing and targeted RNA sequencing. We demonstrated that patients with metastatic PDAC with wild-type KRAS were younger (median 59.5 years) than those with mutated KRAS (median 67 years, p < 0.000055). The wild-type KRAS status was not a significant prognostic factor for metastatic disease. Molecularly, genes in the RAS pathway are frequently mutated or rearranged (46%, 16/35), including mutations in BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, EGFR, MAP2K1, FGFR1, FGFR3 and ERBB4 and fusions of FGFR2 (FGFR2::CCDC147, FGFR2::CAT, FGFR2::TXLNA), ALK (STRN::ALK, EML4::ALK), and BRAF (TRIP11::BRAF). Mismatch repair deficiency was identified in 10% (4/39) of patients. Potentially actionable alterations were identified frequently in KRAS wild-type PDACs (30%, 12/40), in which nontubular-type carcinomas were significantly enriched with actionable alterations compared with tubular adenocarcinomas [67% (6/9) versus 16% (5/31); p = 0.007]. Finally, we investigated the precursors of PDACs in 13 pancreatectomy specimens from patients with KRAS wild-type PDAC. We identified three pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and two intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) harboring oncogenic fusions of ALK and BRAF and driver mutations in BRAF and AKT1. This study suggests that in the context of unmutated KRAS, PDAC is driven by alternative oncogenic mutations or fusions of RAS pathway genes, which may be introduced during the early phase of tumorigenesis. © 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Show less

There is no established transplacental treatment for heart failure (HF) in utero, and no animal models or experimental systems of fetal HF have been established. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal tadalafil administration on fetal cardiovascular function and uteroplacental circulation in a murine model of fetal HF. We first used an ultra-high-frequency ultrasound imaging system in utero and demonstrated that Hey2 A phenotype comprising marked dilatation and reduced FS of the left ventricles was identified in Hey2 Show less