Autophagy and apoptosis are cellular processes that maintain cellular homeostasis and remove damaged or aged organelles or aggregated and misfolded proteins. Stress factors initiate the signaling path Show more
Autophagy and apoptosis are cellular processes that maintain cellular homeostasis and remove damaged or aged organelles or aggregated and misfolded proteins. Stress factors initiate the signaling pathways common to autophagy and apoptosis. An imbalance in the autophagy and apoptosis, led by cascade of molecular mechanism prior to both processes culminate into neurodegeneration. In present study, we urge to investigate the codon usage pattern of genes which are common before initiating autophagy and apoptosis. In the present study, we took up eleven genes (DAPK1, BECN1, PIK3C3 (VPS34), BCL2, MAPK8, BNIP3 L (NIX), PMAIP1, BAD, BID, BBC3, MCL1) that are part of molecular signaling mechanism prior to autophagy and apoptosis. We analyzed dinucleotide odds ratio, codon bias, usage, context, and rare codon analysis. CpC and GpG dinucleotides were abundant, with the dominance of G/C ending codons as preferred codons. Clustering analysis revealed that MAPK8 had a distinct codon usage pattern compared to other envisaged genes. Both positive and negative contexts were observed, and GAG-GAG followed by CTG-GCC was the most abundant codon pair. Of the six synonymous arginine codons, two codons CGT and CGA were the rarest. The information presented in the study may be used to manipulate the process of autophagy and apoptosis and to check the pathophysiology associated with their dysregulation. Show less
Ashok Munjal, Rekha Khandia · 2020 · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · Elsevier · added 2026-04-24
The term atherosclerosis refers to the condition of deposition of lipids and other substances in and on the artery walls, called as plaque that restricts the normal blood flow. The plaque may be stabl Show more
The term atherosclerosis refers to the condition of deposition of lipids and other substances in and on the artery walls, called as plaque that restricts the normal blood flow. The plaque may be stable or unstable in nature. Unstable plaque can burst and trigger clot formation adding further adversities. The process of plaque formation involves various stages including fatty streak, intermediate or fibro-fatty lesion and advanced lesion. The cells participating in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque include endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes, monocytes derived macrophages, macrophages and dendritic cells and regulatory T cells (T Show less