👤 Junming Huang

At present, there is no consensus on the relationship between selenium (Se) exposure and human serum lipid metabolism. The etiological role of high-Se exposure in lipid markers, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) remains unclear. We used serum untargeted metabolomics analysis to evaluate whether high-Se exposure is cross-sectionally associated with lipid metabolism in adults from high-Se exposure area (n = 112) and control area (n = 101) in Hubei Province, China. An untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomic analysis identified 144 differential pathways and yielded 204 differentially abundant metabolites, including 32 lipid metabolites associated with lipids profiles. To further explore the correlation between Se exposure and serum lipid metabolism, we measured serum levels of lipid profiles among all the people, including serum cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (APOB). The average serum Se level of the high-Se exposure group was 537.18 μg/L, significantly higher than 72.98 μg/L in the control group (p < 0.0001). The measurement levels of serum TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and APOB in the high-Se exposure group were 1.03 (0.76, 1.34) mmol/L, 2.25 ± 0.48 mmol/L, 1.12 ± 0.24 mmol/L, and 0.77 ± 0.15 g/L, respectively, while the control group were 1.13 (0.84, 1.80) mmol/L, 2.56 ± 0.61 mmol/L, 1.02 ± 0.22 mmol/L, and 0.83 ± 0.16 g/L, respectively (all p values <0.05). Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between serum Se and CHOL (r = -0.201, p < 0.01), serum Se is also associated with metabolomics markers, the negative correlation includes glyceric acid and ect., the positive correlation includes phosphorylcholine and ect. Our study suggests that high-Se exposure is negatively associated with serum lipid profiles and decreases the risk of high-TC and HDL-C dyslipidemia. Show less

Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) are individually associated with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Moreover, previous basic research has implicated the potential interaction between apoB and Lp(a) in the atherogenic process. We aimed to determine whether apoB levels significantly modulate ASCVD risk associated with Lp(a) in a large community-based population without baseline cardiovascular disease. Plasma Lp(a) and apoB were measured in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Elevated Lp(a) was defined as the highest race-specific quintile, and elevated apoB was defined as ≥89 mg/dl (median value). The modifying effect of apoB on the Lp(a)-related risk of ASCVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) was determined using Cox regression models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. Among 12,988 ARIC participants, 3,888 ASCVD events and 1754 CHD events were observed. Elevated apoB (≥89 mg/dl) and elevated Lp(a) (race-specific quintile 5) were independently associated with ASCVD (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08-1.30; P <0.001; HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.16-1.40; P < .001, respectively). Lp(a)-by-apoB interaction was noted [Lp(a) (quintile 1-4 or quintile 5) * apoB (<89 or ≥89 mg/dl) = 0.002]. Compared to the concordantly low Lp(a) group, the individuals with high Lp(a) had a greater ASCVD risk only when apoB was elevated (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.34-1.63; P < .001). In the context of primary prevention, ASCVD risk associated with Lp(a) was observed only when apoB was elevated. The measurement of apoB can further refine and contextualize the ASCVD risk associated with Lp(a). Show less

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most intractable complication of diabetes. Despite decades of research, accurate diagnostic markers and effective therapeutic drugs are still elusive. Abnormal copper metabolism is also implicated in diabetes and its complications. This study aims to identify copper metabolism-related biomarkers and potential drugs for DN. DN datasets and copper metabolism-related genes (CMGs) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and GeneCards. Differentially expressed CMGs (DE-CMGs) were identified using the limma package and the Venn algorithm. Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to identify candidate hub genes. The single gene with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve > 0.7 was identified as a potential diagnostic biomarker of DN. Finally, these biomarkers were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in high-glucose-treated human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells. These validated hub genes were used to construct a combined prediction model, confirmed by additional GSE30528 and GSE30529 datasets. The correlation analysis between the expression level of the hub genes and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was carried out. Additionally, immune cell infiltration and potential target drugs were investigated for these biomarkers. Five hub genes associated with copper metabolism, namely CD36, CCL2, CASP3, LPL, and APOC3, were identified as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of DN. Utilizing multiple biomarkers enhanced diagnostic accuracy and specificity. CD36, CCL2, and CASP3 correlated negatively with eGFR levels, while LPL and APOC3 correlated positively. Additionally, these hub genes were significantly linked to various immune cell types, including macrophages M1 and M2, T cells, gamma delta resting dendritic cells, neutrophils, and NK cells. Furthermore, 15 agents targeting these biomarkers were retrieved from the DrugBank database. Our study identified key genes possibly related to copper metabolism in the pathological mechanism of DN that could serve as novel targets for the diagnosis and therapy of DN. Show less

For small ruminants, meat quality-an economically significant characteristic-results from the combined effects of genetic, dietary, and physiological elements. However, the contribution of gastrointestinal (GI) tract gene expression to meat quality remains unclear. Here, we performed bulk RNA-seq on 130 samples from Liangshan Black Sheep and Meigu Black Goats, including 10 GI tract segments and semitendinosus muscle, integrating these data with measurements of amino acid composition, fatty acid profiles, and volatile flavor compounds. We found distinct, segment-specific transcriptional programs across the GI tract, with major functional shifts at the rumen-reticulum, omasum-abomasum, and abomasum-duodenum transitions. In the ileum and jejunum, genes involved in lipid metabolism showed links to fatty acid profiles, whereas genes governing amino acid metabolism in the small intestine were connected to the amino acid composition of muscle. Cecum- and colon-enriched genes were linked to flavor precursor biosynthesis. Species-specific differences revealed that sheep muscle contained higher levels of key amino acids (Asp, Glu, Hyp, Cys, Tyr), whereas goats showed higher α-linolenic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. This work establishes a gut-muscle transcriptomic axis in small ruminants, identifying candidate genes (e.g., Show less

Patients with dyslipidemia are at higher risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet the impact of lipid-lowering medications on IBD remains unclear. This study investigates the causal relationship between lipid-lowering drug target and IBD, with a focus on the roles of gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines. Genetic variants associated with lipid-lowering drug targets were extracted from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, whereas summary statistics for IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis were sourced from the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium. Drug-target Mendelian randomization analysis revealed that inhibiting angiopoietin-like protein 3 increased the risk of IBD and CD, whereas inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3) heightened the risk of CD. Conversely, enhancement of LPL and LDL receptor reduced the risk of IBD and CD. Mediation analysis demonstrated that gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines partially mediated these effects, with specific pathways such as Lachnospiraceae FCS020 (17.26%) for APOC3 and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (20.12%) for LPL accounting for significant portions of the effects. These findings suggest that lipid-lowering drugs targeting angiopoietin-like protein 3 and APOC3 may increase the risk of IBD, whereas those targeting LPL and LDL receptor may reduce the risk. The results highlight potential for repurposing lipid-lowering drugs for IBD prevention and warrant future clinical trials to explore these targets further. Show less

Earthworms are valued as a dietary protein source in many regions. Earthworm protein can yield bioactive peptides, but enzymatic hydrolysis is inefficient by commercial proteases, and bioactivity development is still inadequate. This study developed a novel efficient method for degrading earthworm protein and investigated the lipid-lowering activity and mechanism of earthworm peptides. It was found that combining autolysis and alcalase exhibited a higher hydrolysis degree of earthworm protein of 43.64 ± 0.78% compared to using autolysis or alcalase only. The hydrolysate significantly reduced lipid accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes. LC-MS/MS results showed that the primary lipid-lowering peptides (EWPs) in the hydrolysate were small molecule peptides with molecular weights of 500-1000 Da and chain lengths of 4-7 amino acid residues. Western blot results demonstrated that EWP regulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins, including APOC3, HMGCR, PCSK9, SREBP1, C/EBP-α, NPC1L1, PPAR-γ, and CYP7A1. Transcriptomic analysis and validation experiments indicated that the lipid-lowering activity of EWP was associated with its suppression of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6. This study presents an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis strategy for earthworm protein utilization, laying the foundation for its application in functional foods such as protein supplements, nutraceutical capsules, hypoallergenic infant formulas, and sports nutrition products. Show less

Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid widespread in the environment, and its exposure has been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. As exposure is demonstrated to cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the roles of histone modifications in low-level As exposure-induced NAFLD in rats. The results showed that exposure to As caused lipid accumulation and upregulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes Show less

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas13 effectors are used for RNA editing but the adeno-associated virus (AAV) packaging limitations because of their big sizes hinder their therapeutic application. Here we report the identification of the Cas13j family, with LepCas13j (529 aa) and ChiCas13j (424 aa) being the smallest and most highly efficient variants for RNA interference. The miniaturized Cas13j proteins enable the development of compact RNA base editors. Chi-RESCUE-S, by fusing dChiCas13j with hADAR2dd, demonstrates high efficiency and specificity in A-to-G and C-to-U conversions. Importantly, this system is compatible with single-AAV packaging without the need for protein sequence truncation. It successfully corrected pathogenic mutations, such as APOC3 Show less

Foam cells derived from macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerosis. While phytosterols (PS) have demonstrated cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties, their impact on foam cells remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of PS on foam cell formation, inflammatory responses, and lipid metabolism using both single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and functional assays. scRNA-seq of aortic tissue from Show less

The early, precise, and safe management of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (VAPs) remains a formidable clinical challenge. Here, we present a targeted nanotherapeutic approach in which osteopontin-targeted nanoparticles encapsulate luteolin (NPs-Lut) for the precise delivery and treatment of VAPs. This engineered system enables site-specific accumulation and sustained release of luteolin at plaque sites. We innovatively constructed an osteopontin-targeted drug delivery system designed for vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, in which luteolin and atorvastatin were successfully encapsulated. The system demonstrated sustained-release capability in vitro, and its biosafety and histocompatibility were comprehensively evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, therapeutic efficacy was further assessed in ApoE In vivo evaluation in ApoE This work provides a robust and translationally promising nanoplatform for the precision treatment of VAPs, offering a novel strategy for safe and effective intervention in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Show less

Atherosclerosis (AS) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, characterized by intricate interactions between immune dysregulation and lipid metabolism abnormalities-identifying key mediators in its pathogenesis is critical for improving diagnostics and therapies. This study focuses on Transmembrane Protein 106A (TMEM106A) to clarify its role and clinical relevance in AS progression. Public transcriptomic datasets (GSE43292, GSE100927, GSE28829) were analyzed to assess TMEM106A expression and diagnostic value; single-cell RNA-seq data (GSE159677) defined its cellular localization. Immune infiltration (ssGSEA, Cibersort, xCell) and CellChat (intercellular communication) analyses explored its immune associations. TMEM106A was significantly upregulated in AS samples across datasets, with strong diagnostic efficacy (AUC 0.80-0.95). Single-cell analysis confirmed its specific enrichment in macrophages, with functional links to immune-related pathways. TMEM106A promoted macrophage infiltration, foam cell formation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses, while regulating PLCB2 in chemokine signaling; silencing TMEM106A alleviated these pro-atherosclerotic effects. TMEM106A contributes to AS progression by modulating macrophage-mediated immune responses and chemokine signaling, as validated in experimental models. These findings support its potential as a clinically relevant biomarker and promising therapeutic target for AS intervention. Show less

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease caused by multiple factors. Anti-inflammatory treatment is an effective approach to treat atherosclerosis. Talin1 is a cell membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein that is widely expressed in mammals and plays essential roles in angiogenesis and endothelial cell barrier function. However, the role of Talin1 in atherosclerosis and the related mechanisms remains unclear. ApoE-KO mice were subjected to partial carotid artery ligation to establish an atherosclerosis model, and the expression of Talin1 in atherosclerotic plaques was verified in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (10 ng/mL) and subjected to low oscillatory shear stress (OSS) (approximately ± 4 dyn/cm2) to establish cellular inflammation models. A lentivirus was used to regulate Talin1 expression in HUVECs and HAECs. Talin1 levels were increased in the serum of subjects with coronary heart disease (CHD) compared with those without CHD. We also found that Talin1 levels were increased in the serum of ApoE-KO mice in the operation group compared with the sham operation group. In addition, Talin1 expression was increased in endothelial cells in atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, neither TNF-α nor OSS promoted inflammation in endothelial cells with Talin1 knockdown. Moreover, we found that TNF-α and OSS could activate Piezo1 to mediate Ca²⁺ influx and subsequently activate Talin1 to regulate YAP and promote inflammation. The results of this study suggest that Talin1 plays a vital role in endothelial inflammation and may be a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Show less

Stroke, including cerebral ischemia and cerebral hemorrhage, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The narrow therapeutic window limits the efficacy and applicability of current treatments such as thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy. This urgent need for effective therapies has shifted the focus towards mitigating the secondary inflammation and tissue damage that follow intracerebral hemorrhage. Spatial transcriptomic analysis of mouse brains post-ischemia has revealed that the ApoE-TREM2 signaling pathway is central to the complex interactions between microglia and various surrounding cells, coordinating the formation of neuroglial scars, suggesting that TREM2 is a key participant in post-stroke pathology and a potential therapeutic target. This review aims to provide an insightful synthesis of TREM2, including its structure, signaling pathways, and the role of its soluble form, sTREM2, in the nervous system. We systematically summarize the signaling pathways and mechanisms by which TREM2 modulates microglial function, including promoting phagocytosis, exerting anti-inflammatory properties, modulating lipid metabolism, and enhancing cell survival. We also highlight the TREM2's interactions with other cell types post-stroke, such as macrophages and B cells. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in TREM2-targeted drug development, emphasizing the potential of TREM2 agonists and antibodies to modulate microglial function and inflammation, which sets the stage for future research and drug development. Show less

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 (ε4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), with women exhibiting heightened vulnerability to APOE ε4-associated cognitive impairment. Despite recognition of this sexual dimorphism, the underlying biological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on RNA-seq data from the Mayo Clinic cohort ( Four co-expression modules ( we reveal a female-specific APOE ε4-driven molecular network linking endothelial dysfunction to tau pathology. These hub genes provide potential biomarkers, while vincamine represents a targeted prevention and therapeutic candidate for high-risk APOE ε4-positive women. Show less

Macrophage-like phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial mechanism driving atherogenesis. Inhibition of a phenotype switch to macrophage-like cells is a promising strategy to prevent atherosclerosis (AS), and targeted nanotherapeutics represent one approach for implementing this strategy. To this end, we designed immunosuppressive oligodeoxynucleotide A151 functionalized selenium nanoparticles with a spearhead LacNAc (LN-A151-SeNPs) that target macrophage-like VSMCs. Nano characterization showed that the uniformity and stability of nanoparticles were optimized by modification with LacNAc and A151, resulting in an average diameter of 88.90 ± 1.45 nm, Zeta potentials of -21.1 ± 1.5 mV, a A151:Se molar ratio of 1:60 and mass ratio of 1.68:1. The effects of LN-A151-SeNPs on inhibiting VSMCs phenotype switching and attenuation of AS were investigated using [Image: see text] The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-025-03925-7. Show less

Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), exacerbates tau tangles, amyloid plaques, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation-the pathological hallmarks of AD. While astrocytes are the primary producers of APOE in the CNS, neurons increase APOE expression under stress and aging. Prior work established that neuronal APOE4 is essential for AD pathogenesis, but whether it is sufficient to drive disease remained unknown. We generated a PS19 tauopathy mouse model selectively expressing APOE4 in neurons. Neuronal APOE4 alone proved sufficient to promote pathological tau accumulation and propagation, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation to levels comparable to a tauopathy model with human APOE4 knocked-in globally. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing further revealed similar transcriptomic changes in neurons and glia of both models. Together, these findings demonstrate that neuronal APOE4 alone can initiate and propagate AD pathologies, underscoring its pivotal role in disease pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target. Show less

Many patients are suffering from atherosclerosis without typical risk factors, which can cause severe cardiovascular complications. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), derived from gut microbes, is a key unconventional contributor to the development of atherosclerosis. Here we present a strategy performed by orally administered nano-functionalized probiotics (PDMF@LGG) to inhibit TMAO through the gut microbiota-trimethylamine (TMA)-TMAO axis. PDMF@LGG, composed of polydopamine-coated Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and nanoparticles based on a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive polymeric prodrug of fluoromethylcholine (FMC), can promote the retention of probiotics and nanoparticles in the intestine to persistently scavenge elevated ROS and release drugs. This process suppresses TMA production and absorption, lowering plasma TMAO levels. The therapeutic effects on male ApoE Show less

Regular exercise training has been shown to significantly decrease atherosclerosis (AS) related mortality and hospitalization rates. Recent research has identified that circulating exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to the progression of AS through intercellular communication. But the role of exosome-derived miRNAs in exercise-mediated protection remains to be explored. This study proposes that exercise may ameliorate vascular dysfunction and plaque formation associated with AS by modulating the expression profile of exosomal miRNAs. In this study, ApoE Show less

Physical activity (PA) has been associated with reduced Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but whether protective effects vary across genetic risk levels remains unclear. Previous studies were limited by self-reported PA measures and simplified genetic models. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between accelerometer-measured physical activity and the risk of incident AD in a large population-based cohort, and to explore potential interactions between PA and polygenic risk scores for AD. We analyzed 93,578 UK Biobank participants aged 40-70 years with accelerometer data and genome-wide genotyping. PA was measured continuously (milligravity, mg) and dichotomized at the optimal point from maximally selected rank statistics. Genetic risk was assessed using polygenic risk scores (PRS) and APOE ε4 status. Cox models estimated hazard ratios for incident AD across genetic risk strata during median 15.5-year follow-up. Among 401 AD cases, high PA reduced risk by 48% (HR 0.517; 95% CI 0300-0.891), while high PRS increased risk nearly twofold (HR 2.423; 95% CI 1.757-3.343). PA's protective association remained consistent across all PRS and APOE ε4 strata. No significant multiplicative or additive interaction was found between PA and genetic risk (RERI = - 0.566, 95% CI - 4.574-3.441). Dose-response analysis revealed maximum benefit with optimal threshold at 21.7 mg corresponding to light-intensity activity. Objectively measured PA substantially reduces AD risk regardless of genetic predisposition. Even light-intensity activity provides meaningful protection, supporting PA as a broadly applicable preventive strategy across all genetic risk levels. Show less

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve damage. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of microglia in the onset and progression of glaucoma. This review aims to elucidate the key mechanisms of microglial activation in glaucoma and assess its potential as a therapeutic target for novel treatment strategies. Microglia activation in glaucoma is multifactorial, driven by biomechanical, metabolic, and inflammatory signals. Activated microglia contribute to both neuroinflammatory injury and neuroprotective responses. Their interaction with other kinds of cell establishes a dynamic inflammatory signaling network that exacerbates retinal ganglion cell loss. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that key targets in microglial activation, such as APOE, LGALS3, CX3CR1, etc. play critical roles in disease progression, revealing promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Microglia act as central regulators of the retinal immune microenvironment in glaucoma. Their dual role in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection is shaped by complex interactions with other kinds of cell. Targeting microglial activation state and restoring metabolic homeostasis represent promising strategies for the development of pressure-independent treatments for glaucoma. Show less

Myasthenia gravis (MG) lacks disease-specific biomarkers that can support monitoring of disease activity or guide treatment decisions. This study aimed to validate serum inflammatory proteins as MG-specific biomarkers by comparing their specificity to controls and individuals with other autoimmune neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). In this multicentre cross-sectional study, serum from 200 acetylcholine receptor antibody seropositive (AChR+) MG patients, 192 matched controls, 93 MS patients, and 51 CIDP patients was analyzed using a 92-plex inflammation panel (Olink PEA). Logistic regression, principal component analysis, and Boruta machine learning algorithms identified differentially expressed proteins. MG subgroups were defined by age at onset, disease severity, and immunosuppressive treatment. Fourteen proteins significantly distinguished MG from controls, including AXIN1 (OR: 0.24), IL7 (OR: 9.38), ST1A1 (OR:0.42), IL10 (OR:3.62), CASP-8 (OR:1.61), and TNFSF14 (OR:0.50) (Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.00135). AXIN1, ST1A1, STAMBP, CDCP1, and SIRT2 were specific for MG, separating it from MS and CIDP. Shared markers across disorders included IL6, IL8, STAMBP, and TNFSF14. A 15-protein profile, including FGF-23 and CXCL9, correlated with MG severity. Subgroup analyses revealed distinct protein patterns by age and treatment. TRANCE and CD6 were reduced in immunosuppressed patients, whereas EN-RAGE, IL10, and TNFRSF9 varied in those receiving biologicals. This study validates the MG-specific serum proteomic biomarkers AXIN1, STAMBP, ST1A1, CDCP1, and SIRT2 and identifies signatures associated with severity, onset, and treatment. These findings support the use of blood-based biomarkers for monitoring and stratification in MG clinical trials and care. Show less

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Despite progress in systemic therapies, survival in advanced HCC remains poor due to patient heterogeneity and individual differences, necessitating a personalized approach rather than relying solely on guidelines. Here, we present an exceptional case study in which a systematic regimen without immune checkpoint inhibitors was chosen based on the patient's specific genetic test results. Remarkably effective with long-term survival benefits were observed as a result. This case underscores the importance of incorporating tumor profiling and personalized treatment plans, in addition to adhering to guidelines and standards, for delivering more efficacious and well-tolerated therapeutic options to patients with liver cancer. Show less

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein. Currently, there is a lack of effective and safe therapeutic approaches. In Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Gandou Decoction has shown significant efficacy in improving cognitive decline and dementia-related symptoms, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. This study systematically analyzed the active components and anti-AD mechanism of Modified Gandou Decoction (MGD) by integrating network pharmacology, machine learning, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and A total of 21 potential active molecules of MGD and 68 intersection targets were screened out. Among them, 8 core targets (EIF2AK2, PPARG, BACE1, ESR1, GSK3B, ACE, CASP3, MAPK14) were confirmed to be significantly associated with AD pathology by gene expression difference analysis (P ≤ 0.05). KEGG enrichment analysis showed that MGD mainly intervenes in the amyloid production pathway, the MAPK pathway, and the IL-17 pathway. Molecular docking demonstrated that the majority of the 21 potential active compounds exhibited strong binding affinities to the 8 core targets. Moreover, some potential active molecules exhibited better binding energy and similar binding modes compared with known inhibitors when binding to the corresponding target proteins. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that Alisol B, a potential active component of MGD, could stably bind to BACE1, EIF2AK2, and CASP3. MGD exerts its anti-AD effect through its potential active component Alisol B, which binds to target proteins BACE1, EIF2AK2, and CASP3, and synergistically inhibits Aβ production, Tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammatory processes through multiple pathways. This study provides a foundation for developing MGD-derived natural products for AD treatment, although the precise mechanisms require further experimental validation. Show less

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear pathogenesis and no effective treatment methods. HY-021068 (HY), a novel class I drug, exhibits significant neuroprotective properties in ischemic brain injury. Recent studies suggest that neuronal ferroptosis may be a critical contributor to the onset and progression of AD. However, it is still unclear whether HY treatment has protective effects on AD by inhibiting ferroptosis. In this study, APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were used to investigate the effect and mechanism of HY in AD. In vitro, HT22 cells were stimulated with Amyloid β Show less

The deposition of toxic aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ), resulting from continuous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, is a key pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) have shown great potential for disease treatment by specifically silencing target genes. However, the poor brain delivery efficiency of siRNAs limits their therapeutic efficacy against AD. We designed a simplified and effective BACE1 siRNA (siBACE1) delivery system, namely, dendritic polyamidoamine modified with the neurotropic virus-derived peptide RVG29 and polyethylene glycol (PPR@siBACE1). PPR@siBACE1 crossed the blood-brain barrier efficiently and entered brain parenchyma in large amount, with subsequent neurotropism and potential microglia-targeting ability. Both in vitro and in vivo studies validated the effective brain delivery of siBACE1 and strong BACE1 silencing efficiency. Treatment of AD mice with PPR@siBACE1 inhibited the production of Aβ, potentiated Aβ phagocytosis by microglia, improved the memory deficits and reduced neuroinflammatory response in AD mice. This study provides a reliable delivery platform for gene therapies for AD. Show less

Brain metastasis occurs in up to 40% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Considerable genomic heterogeneity exists between the primary lung tumor and respective brain metastasis; however, the identity of the genes capable of driving brain metastasis is incompletely understood. Here, we carried out an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR activation screen to identify molecular drivers of brain metastasis from an orthotopic xenograft model derived from a patient with NSCLC. We found that activating expression of the Alzheimer's disease-associated beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) led to a substantial increase in brain metastases. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of BACE1 blocked NSCLC brain metastasis. Mechanistically, we identified that BACE1 acts through epidermal growth factor receptor to drive this metastatic phenotype. Together, our data highlight the power of in vivo CRISPR activation screening to unveil molecular drivers and potential therapeutic targets of NSCLC brain metastasis. Show less

Examining how hypoglycemic medications affect brain function is one of the best approaches to addressing cognitive impairment. In this study, trelagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, was utilized to assess memory loss in diabetic rats through fear conditioning tests. Trelagliptin restored fear memory in diabetic rats that had been disrupted over a relatively long period (24 h) or extended period (5 days). Moreover, trelagliptin treatment reduced the higher incidence of neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex, as observed via Nissl or hematoxylin and eosin staining. Subsequent analyses revealed that diabetic rats exhibited elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (p-IKKα and p-NFκB) and a trend toward oxidative damage, indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) detection. However, administration of trelagliptin reversed these markers to baseline levels. Additionally, trelagliptin activated p-AMPK, p-AKT, and p-GSK-3β. Notably, trelagliptin upregulated the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) while downregulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). These findings suggest that trelagliptin alleviates cognitive impairment in diabetic rats, likely through AMPK-AKT-GSK-3β-mediated mitigation of oxidative stress, enhancement of synaptic plasticity, and reduction of Aβ accumulation. Show less