Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) represent a growing global health concern with no definitive cure. Increasing evidence suggests that mind Show more
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) represent a growing global health concern with no definitive cure. Increasing evidence suggests that mind-body practices like yoga may offer neuroprotective benefits by modulating stress, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity. This narrative review explores the clinical outcomes, mechanistic insights, and biomarker evidence supporting yoga as a therapeutic intervention for AD and PD. Different studies indicate that regular yoga improves motor and cognitive functions, mood, and quality of life in affected individuals. At the molecular level, yoga enhances neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α), mitigates oxidative stress, and may preserve gray matter volume in key brain regions. These findings support the hypothesis that yoga induces favorable neuroplastic adaptations that may slow neurodegeneration. Despite encouraging early results, heterogeneity in study design, intervention duration, and sample size issues have limited the incorporation of neuroimaging and biomarker endpoints, which means further studies are warranted to clarify yoga's therapeutic potential and mechanism in ND management. Show less
Neuroprotective properties of estrogen have poorly translated to reduced neurodegeneration in clinical trials of systemic estrogen replacement therapy. To more directly assess biological processes ass Show more
Neuroprotective properties of estrogen have poorly translated to reduced neurodegeneration in clinical trials of systemic estrogen replacement therapy. To more directly assess biological processes associated with brain estrogen (estrone, estradiol) levels, we recruited 81 women (42 non-white) and 28 men (13 non-white) for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hormone, targeted proteomic, and volumetric brain analysis. In the mostly post-menopausal women, we found CSF estrogen levels to only modestly correlate with their corresponding plasma levels, and were additionally influenced by body mass index or age. CSF estrone was also correlated with a marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathologic change (CSF Aβ42/Aβ40), but this was not the case for the more biologically active CSF estradiol. Aptamer-based proteomic analysis of 1,075 CSF markers for inflammation, proteolysis, signaling, and DNA/RNA regulation revealed CSF estrogen levels to associate with alternative complement pathway proteins, and shifts observed in AD (apoE, RAGE). Parallel MRI analysis correlated higher CSF estrogen with smaller volumes of the brain somatosensory and posterior-medial networks without influence from cognition or neurodegeneration. Analysis using plasma estrogens only partially reproduced CSF estrogens’ biochemical correlates but provided inconclusive relationships with brain volume correlates. These findings highlight the association between CSF levels of the more biologically active estradiol and CSF inflammatory pathways involving AD risk genes as potential mechanisms linking hormone status to AD risks, and suggest caution in using CSF estrone or plasma estrogens when interpreting treatment or preventive studies. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-025-03657-3. Show less