Age is a risk factor for aortic aneurysm (AA), and different segments of the aorta exhibit varying susceptibilities to aneurysm. The specific factors that contribute to the higher incidence of AA and Show more
Age is a risk factor for aortic aneurysm (AA), and different segments of the aorta exhibit varying susceptibilities to aneurysm. The specific factors that contribute to the higher incidence of AA and its complications with aging remain unclear. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are elevated in AA. However, the connection between aging, aortic MMP activity, and the increased prevalence of AA and its complications has not been systematically evaluated. This study leveraged MMP-targeted molecular imaging to investigate how aging affects aortic MMP expression and activity, as well as aneurysm development and survival. AA development and animal survival were monitored for 28 days after Angiotensin (Ang)-II infusion in 8-10-week-old (young) and >51-week-old (old) Old animals' survival to 28 days was significantly lower than that of young Ang-II-infused Aging is associated with increased MMP activity along the aorta and worse AA survival. MMP-targeted molecular imaging can inform the aneurysm survival prospects. Selective MMP inhibitors and tracers may help prevent and track aneurysm growth, dissection, and rupture. Show less
Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is characterized by the presence of subepithelial deposits. MN has been traditionally classified as primary if it is not associated with other pathologies, or secondary if Show more
Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is characterized by the presence of subepithelial deposits. MN has been traditionally classified as primary if it is not associated with other pathologies, or secondary if it is associated with autoimmune diseases, infections or malignancies. The identification of target podocyte antigen was a critical point in the understanding of the disease: firstly in 2009 with M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and then in 2014 with Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 7A (THSD7A). In the last years using an innovative approach based on laser microdissection and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has allowed the identification of new target antigen/protein as EXT1/2, NELL-1, NCAM1, SEMA3B, PCHD7, HTRA1, TGFBR3. Some of these proteins have been found in both primary and secondary MN, blurring the line between the two forms. Further studies are necessary to define and understand the clinical features of different antigen associated diseases. The aim of this review is to take a closer look at the new antigens and to evaluate how their discovery can change MN classification. Show less