👤 Ya-Lin Lin

Many molecular alterations are shared by embryonic liver development and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Identifying the common molecular events would provide a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC. Expression levels and clinical relevancies of SLC38A4 and HMGCS2 were investigated by qRT-PCR, western blot, TCGA and GEO datasets. The biological roles of SLC38A4 were investigated by functional assays. The downstream signalling pathway of SLC38A4 was investigated by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, luciferase reporter assay, TCGA and GEO datasets. SLC38A4 silencing was identified as an oncofetal molecular event. DNA hypermethylation contributed to the downregulations of Slc38a4/SLC38A4 in the foetal liver and HCC. Low expression of SLC38A4 was associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. Functional assays demonstrated that SLC38A4 depletion promoted HCC cellular proliferation, stemness and migration, and inhibited HCC cellular apoptosis in vitro, and further repressed HCC tumorigenesis in vivo. HMGCS2 was identified as a critical downstream target of SLC38A4. SLC38A4 increased HMGCS2 expression via upregulating AXIN1 and repressing Wnt/β-catenin/MYC axis. Functional rescue assays showed that HMGCS2 overexpression reversed the oncogenic roles of SLC38A4 depletion in HCC. SLC38A4 downregulation was identified as a novel oncofetal event, and SLC38A4 was identified as a novel tumour suppressor in HCC. Show less

miRNAs play critical roles in the regulation of many cardiovascular diseases. However, its role and potential mechanism in cardiac injury caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remain poorly elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of miR-3574 on cardiomyocyte injury under intermittent hypoxia (IH). We confirmed that IH inhibited cell viability, induced cell apoptosis and suppressed miR-3574 expression in the H9c2. miR-3574 overexpression could ameliorate the effects of IH on the cell viability and cell apoptosis in the H9c2. Axin1 was a target gene of miR-3574, and miR-3574 overexpression reduced the expression of Axin1. miR-3574 could inhibit the IH-induced cardiomyocyte injury via downregulating Axin1. However, Axin1 could partially reverse these effects of miR-3574. Our study first reveals that miR-3574 could alleviate IH-induced cardiomyocyte injury by targeting Axin1, which may function as a novel and promising therapy target for OSA-associated cardiovascular diseases. H9c2 were exposed to IH condition. CCK-8 assay was applied to determine cell viability of H9c2. qRT-PCR was conducted to measure the expression level of mRNA and miRNA. Western blot assay was then performed to detect the protein levels. Finally, we used dual-luciferase reporter assay identify the potential target of miR-3574. Show less

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for 80% of all renal cancers and has a poor prognosis. Chromobox (CBX) family protein expression has been reported in a variety of human malignancies, but the roles of CBXs in ccRCC remain unclear. In this study, by using ONCOMINE, UALCAN, GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, and TIMER, we found the transcriptional levels of CBX3 and CBX4 in ccRCC tissues were significantly higher than those in normal kidney tissues, whereas the transcriptional levels of CBX1, CBX5, CBX6, and CBX7 were significantly reduced in ccRCC tissues. The promoters of CBX2, CBX3, CBX4, CBX5, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8 were hypermethylated, whereas the CBX1 promoter was hypomethylated in ccRCC. The expression of CBX1, CBX3, CBX4, CBX5, CBX6, and CBX7 was significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters in ccRCC patients. ccRCC patients with high expression levels of CBX3, CBX4, and CBX8 and low expression levels of CBX1, CBX5, CBX6, and CBX7 showed a strong association with poor overall survival. Genetic alterations in CBXs were correlated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with ccRCC. Moreover, we found significant associations between the expression of CBXs and infiltration of immune cells (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells). Our results provide novel insights into the development of CBX-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ccRCC. Show less

The HERMES (HEart failure Molecular Epidemiology for Therapeutic targetS) consortium aims to identify the genomic and molecular basis of heart failure. The consortium currently includes 51 studies from 11 countries, including 68 157 heart failure cases and 949 888 controls, with data on heart failure events and prognosis. All studies collected biological samples and performed genome-wide genotyping of common genetic variants. The enrolment of subjects into participating studies ranged from 1948 to the present day, and the median follow-up following heart failure diagnosis ranged from 2 to 116 months. Forty-nine of 51 individual studies enrolled participants of both sexes; in these studies, participants with heart failure were predominantly male (34-90%). The mean age at diagnosis or ascertainment across all studies ranged from 54 to 84 years. Based on the aggregate sample, we estimated 80% power to genetic variant associations with risk of heart failure with an odds ratio of ≥1.10 for common variants (allele frequency ≥ 0.05) and ≥1.20 for low-frequency variants (allele frequency 0.01-0.05) at P < 5 × 10 HERMES is a global collaboration aiming to (i) identify the genetic determinants of heart failure; (ii) generate insights into the causal pathways leading to heart failure and enable genetic approaches to target prioritization; and (iii) develop genomic tools for disease stratification and risk prediction. Show less

Anacetrapib is a novel, powerful cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor with bidirectional lipid regulation, which was developed for dyslipidemia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and tolerability of anacetrapib in healthy Chinese subjects and assess the PK difference between Chinese and other populations. Forty subjects were enrolled in an open-label study consisting of three panels (50 mg single dose; 100 mg single dose followed by 100 mg once-daily multiple doses for 10 days; a 200 mg single dose). Safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring adverse events, laboratory safety tests, ECGs, vital signs and physical examination. PK were evaluated and compared with historical data in black and white subjects. Anacetrapib was absorbed after administration of a single oral dose, with a median T The PK properties of anacetrapib in Chinese subjects are comparable to those observed in the black population and in white subjects. Single and once-daily administration of anacetrapib was generally well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects observed in this study. chinadrugtrials.org.cn identifier number CTR20130983. Show less

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a serious public health problem and are the primary cause of death worldwide. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been identified as one of the most important molecules in the prevention of CVD due to its multiple anti-inflammatories, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidant properties. Currently, it has been observed that maintaining healthy levels of HDL-C does not seem to be sufficient if the functionality of this particle is not adequate. Modifications in the structure and composition of HDL-C lead to a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and dysfunctional version of the molecule. Various assays have evaluated some HDL-C functions on risk populations, but they were not the main objective in some of these. Functional foods and dietary compounds such as extra virgin olive oil, nuts, whole grains, legumes, fresh fish, quercetin, curcumin, ginger, resveratrol, and other polyphenols could increase HDL functionality by improving the cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Nevertheless, additional rigorous research basic and applied is required in order to better understand the association between diet and HDL functionality. This will enable the development of nutritional precision management guidelines for healthy HDL to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults. The aim of the study was to increase the understanding of dietary compounds (functional foods and bioactive components) on the functionality of HDL. Show less

The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) urgent us to discover early and effective biomarkers. In this study, we applied tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis to discover potential protein markers for HCC identification and differentiation. Fifteen patients, well-differentiated (G1, N = 5), moderate-differentiated (G2, N = 5), and poorly differentiated (G3, N = 5), with 30 matched pair tissues (both tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues derived from the same patient) were enrolled. All samples were subjected to TMT labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis. The identified proteins were subsequently assigned to GO and KEGG for predicting function. The identified protein candidates were validated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A total of 1010 proteins were identified. Of these, 154 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 100 up-regulated and 54 down-regulated, were found between tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues; 12 DEPs, 9 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated, were found between G1 and G3 tissues; 8 DEPs, 5 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated, were found between G1 and G2 tissues; 11 DEPs, 8 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated, were found between G2 and G3 tissues. Among them, ASS1 and CPS1 were significantly up-regulated while UROD and HBB were significantly down-regulated in G3 compared with G1 and G2 tumors. Three proteins, CYB5A, FKBP11 and YBX1, were significantly up-regulated in G1 compared with both G2 and G3 tumors. The 7 biomarker candidates were further verified by IHC. A variety of DEPs related to the histological differentiation of HCC were identified, among which ASS1, CPS1, URPD and HBB proteins were potential biomarkers for distinguishing poorly differentiated HCC, while CYB5A, FKBP11 and YBX1 were potential biomarkers for distinguishing well-differentiated HCC. Our findings may further provide a new insight facilitating the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Show less

Upregulation of the neuropeptide neurotensin (NTS) in a subgroup of lung cancers has been linked to poor prognosis. However, the regulatory pathway centered on NTS in lung cancer remains unclear. Here we identified the NTS-specific enhancer in lung adenocarcinoma cells. The AF4/FMR2 (AFF) family protein AFF1 occupies the NTS enhancer and inhibits NTS transcription. Clustering analysis of lung adenocarcinoma gene expression data demonstrated that NTS expression is highly positively correlated with the expression of the oncogenic factor CPS1. Detailed analyses demonstrated that the IL6 pathway antagonizes NTS in regulating CPS1. Thus, our analyses revealed a novel NTS-centered regulatory axis, consisting of AFF1 as a master transcription suppressor and IL6 as an antagonist in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Show less

Strengthening the gut epithelial barrier is a potential strategy for management of gut microbiota-associated illnesses. Here, we demonstrate that dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6) knockout enhances baseline colon barrier integrity and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic injury. DUSP6 mutation in Caco-2 cells enhances the epithelial feature and increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption, accompanied by altered glucose metabolism and decreased glycolysis. We find that Dusp6-knockout mice are more resistant to DSS-induced dysbiosis, and the cohousing and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments show that the gut/fecal microbiota derived from Dusp6-knockout mice also confers protection against colitis. Further culturomics and mono-colonialization experiments show that one gut microbiota member in the genus Duncaniella confers host protection from DSS-induced injury. We identify Dusp6 deficiency as beneficial for shaping the gut microbiota eubiosis necessary to protect against gut barrier-related diseases. Show less

The 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), a derivative of kynurenine, was reported to suppress tumor growth. However, the function of 3-HAA largely remains unclear. Here, we report that 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) is lower in tumor cells, while adding exogenous 3-HAA induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by binding YY1. This 3-HAA binding of YY1 leads to phosphorylation of YY1 at the Thr 398 by PKCζ, concomitantly enhances YY1 chromatin binding activity to increase expression of target genes. These findings demonstrate that 3-HAA is a ligand of YY1, suggesting it is a promising therapeutic candidate for HCC. Show less

MiR-452-5p plays an essential role in the development of a variety of tumors, but little is known about its biological function and mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression levels of miR-452-5p in CRC tissues and cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Besides, the biological effects of miR-452-5p on CRC were investigated by functional experiments The expression level of miR-452-5p was up-regulated in CRC tissues. MiR-452-5p promoted CRC cell proliferation, cell cycle transition and chemoresistance, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Moreover, miR-452-5p directly targeted PKN2 and DUSP6 and subsequently activated the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, and it was transcriptionally regulated by c-Jun. To conclude, miR-452-5p expression is up-regulated in CRC, which promotes the progression of CRC by activating the miR-452-5p-PKN2/DUSP6-c-Jun positive feedback loop. These findings indicate that miR-452-5p may act as a potential therapeutic target and clinical response biomarker for CRC. Show less

To explore the genetic basis for a pedigree affected with hereditary multiple osteochondroma (HMO). Peripheral blood samples were collected from the proband and members of his pedigree with informed consent. Following extraction of genomic DNA, all coding exons and flanking intronic sequences (-10 bp) of the EXT1 and EXT2 genes were subjected to targeted capture and next generation sequencing (NGS). Suspected variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. A heterozygous nonsense variant (c.1911C>A) was found in exon 10 of the EXT1 gene in the proband and his affected father but not in a healthy sister and normal controls. The variant was classified as a pathogenic based on the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (PVS1+PM2+PP1). Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the c.1911C>A variant may be disease-causing via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and anomalous splicing. The c.1911C>A variant probably underlay the disease in this pedigree. Discovery of this variant enriched the variant spectrum of HMO. Show less

Thymus organogenesis and T cell development are coordinated by various soluble and cell-bound molecules. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans can interact with and immobilize many soluble mediators, creating fields or gradients of secreted ligands. While the role of HS in the development of many organs has been studied extensively, little is known about its function in the thymus. Here, we examined the distribution of HS in the thymus and the effect of its absence on thymus organogenesis and T cell development. We found that HS was expressed most abundantly on the thymic fibroblasts and at lower levels on endothelial, epithelial, and hematopoietic cells. To study the function of HS in the thymus, we eliminated most of HS in this organ by genetically disrupting the glycosyltransferase Ext1 that is essential for its synthesis. The absence of HS greatly reduced the size of the thymus in fetal thymic organ cultures and in vivo, in mice, and decreased the production of T cells. However, no specific blocks in T cell development were observed. Wild-type thymic fibroblasts were able to physically bind the homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 ex vivo. However, this binding was abolished upon HS degradation, disrupting the CCL19/CCL21 chemokine gradients and causing impaired migration of dendritic cells in thymic slices. Thus, our results show that HS plays an essential role in the development and growth of the thymus and in regulating interstitial cell migration. Show less

DNA methylation is important for lung cancer prognosis. In this work, it is aimed to seek novel biomarkers with DNA methylation-expression-pathway pattern and explore its underlying mechanism. Prognostic DNA methylation sites and mRNAs were screened in NSCLC data set from TCGA, and further validated using the samples retrospectively collected, and EXT1 was identified as a potential target. Gene body methylation of three CpG sites (cg03276982, cg11592677, cg16286281) on EXT1 was significantly associated with clinical outcome, and the EXT1 gene expression also predicted prognosis. The expression level of EXT1 was also correlated with its DNA methylation level. This observation was further validated in a new data set consist of 170 samples. Knocking down of EXT1 resulted in decreased proliferation and migration. EXT1 targets were analysed using GSEA. It is found that the WNT signalling is the potential downstream target of EXT1. Further analyses revealed that the EXT1 targets the beta-catenin and effect migration rate of NSCLC cell lines. The WNT signalling inhibitor, XAV-939, effectively disrupted the migration promotion effect induced by EXT1. In summary, EXT1 methylation regulates the gene expression, effects the proliferation and migration via WNT pathway and predicted a poor prognosis for NSCLC. Show less

In a Chinese prospective cohort, 500 patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) within 4.61 years and 500 matched healthy participants are selected as case and control groups, and randomized into discovery and validation sets to discover the metabolite changes before T2D onset and the related diabetogenic loci. A serum metabolomics analysis reveals that 81 metabolites changed significantly before T2D onset. Based on binary logistic regression, eight metabolites are defined as a biomarker panel for T2D prediction. Pipecolinic acid, carnitine C14:0, epinephrine and phosphatidylethanolamine 34:2 are first found associated with future T2D. The addition of the biomarker panel to the clinical markers (BMI, triglycerides, and fasting glucose) significantly improves the predictive ability in the discovery and validation sets, respectively. By associating metabolomics with genomics, a significant correlation ( Show less

Currently, a comprehensive method for exploration of transcriptional regulation has not been well established. We explored a novel pipeline to analyze transcriptional regulation using co-analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), and chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq). The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) possibly associated with macrophages were further filtered using a reduced-Cox regression model. ATAC-seq profiles were used to map the chromatin accessibility of the GPRC5B promoter region. Pearson analysis was performed to identify the transcription factor (TF) whose expression was correlated with open chromatin regions of GPRC5B promoter. ChIP-seq profiles were obtained to confirm the physical binding of GATA4 and its predicted binding regions. For verification, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and multidimensional database validations were performed. The reduced-Cox regression model revealed the prognostic value of GPRC5B. A novel pipeline for TF exploration was proposed. With our novel pipeline, we first identified chr16:19884686-19885185 as a reproducible open chromatin region in the GPRC5B promoter. Thereafter, we confirmed the correlation between GATA4 expression and the accessibility of this region, confirmed its physical binding, and proved GPRC5B, correlated with macrophages, was a key GPCR affecting COAD prognosis. Further, with our novel pipeline, TF GATA4 was identified as a direct upstream of GPRC5B. This study proposed a novel pipeline for TF exploration and provided a theoretical basis for COAD therapy. Show less

The occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is regulated by numerous cytokines. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a soluble cytokine that exerts biological effects by regulating the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT) signaling pathway Show less

IL-27 controls a diverse range of immune responses in many disease settings. Here, we identify intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) as one of the major IL-27 cellular sources in the gut-associated tissue. Unlike IL-27 secreted by innate immune cells, gut epithelial IL-27 is dispensable for T-bet+ regulatory T cell (T reg cell) differentiation or IL-10 induction. Rather, IEC-derived IL-27 specifically promotes a distinct CD8αα+CD4+ intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population that acquires their functional differentiation at the intestinal epithelium. Loss of IL-27 in IECs leads to a selective defect in CD8αα+CD4+ IELs over time. Consequently, mice with IEC-specific IL-27 ablation exhibited elevated pathogen burden during parasitic infection, and this could be rescued by transfer of exogenous CD8αα+CD4+ IELs. Collectively, our data reveal that in addition to its known regulatory properties in preventing immune hyperactivity, gut epithelial IL-27 confers barrier immunity by inducing a specific IEL subset and further suggest that IL-27 produced by different cell types plays distinct roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Show less

In type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoreactive CD8 T cells infiltrate pancreatic islets and destroy insulin-producing β cells. Progression to T1D onset is a chronic process, which suggests that the effector activity of β-cell autoreactive CD8 T cells needs to be maintained throughout the course of disease development. The mechanism that sustains diabetogenic CD8 T cell effectors during the course of T1D progression has not been completely defined. Here we used single-cell RNA sequencing to gain further insight into the phenotypic complexity of islet-infiltrating CD8 T cells in NOD mice. We identified two functionally distinct subsets of activated CD8 T cells, CD44 Show less

Many RRMS patients who had been treated for over 20 years with GA 20 mg/ml daily (GA20) switched to 40 mg/ml three times-a-week (GA40) to reduce injection-related adverse events. Although GA40 is as effective as GA20 in reducing annualized relapse rate and MRI activity, it remains unknown how switching to GA40 from GA20 affects the development of pathogenic and regulatory immune cells. To investigate the difference in immunological parameters in response to GA20 and GA40 treatments. We analyzed five pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-23, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α), and three anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, and IL-27) in serum. In addition, we analyzed six cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-27) in cultured PBMC supernatants. The development of Th1, Th17, Foxp3 Tregs, M1-like, and M2-like macrophages were examined by flow cytometry. Samples were analyzed before and 12 months post switching to GA40 or GA20. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were comparable between the GA40 and GA20 groups. Development of Th1, Th17, M1-like macrophages, M2-like macrophages, and Foxp3 Tregs was also comparable between the two groups. The immunological parameters measured in RRMS patients treated with GA40 three times weekly are largely comparable to those given daily GA20 treatment. Show less

Ovarian Cancer (OC) remains the first leading cause of gynecologic malignancy. The survival rate from Serous Ovarian Cancer (SOC) is very low, and the present prognostic predictors of SOC are not very sensitive or specific. The present study aimed to investigate Microtubule-Actin Cross-Linking Factor 1 (MACF1) expression in SOC tissues (including paraffin-embedded and fresh tissues) and to assess its expression and significant value in patients with SOC. A total of 18 fresh SOC tissues and their paired paratumor tissues were performed with reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis to detect MACF1 mRNA expression. Moreover, 175 paraffin-embedded SOC tissues and 41 paratumor tissues were assessed for MACF1 expression using immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression of MACF1, both were higher in cancer tissues than that in paratumor tissues, and the high expression of MACF1 was associated with shorter Recurrence Free Survival (RFS) and Overall Survival (OS) in patients with SOC. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed that high MACF1 expression was an independent poor survival predictor of patients with SOC. MACF1 is upregulated in SOC, and it may be used as a useful prognostic biomarker in SOC. Show less

Several publications report that octacosanol (OCT) has different biological functions. This study was designed to evaluate the antifatigue effect and molecular mechanism of octacosanol (200 mg/(kg day)) in forced exercise-induced fatigue models of trained male C57BL/6 mice. Results showed that octacosanol ameliorated the mice's autonomic activities, forelimb grip strength, and swimming endurance, and the levels of liver glycogen (LG), muscle glycogen (MG), blood lactic acid (BLA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were also regulated. Gene analysis results showed that treatment with OCT upregulated 29 genes, while 38 genes were downregulated in gastrocnemius tissue. Gene ontology (GO) analyses indicated that these genes enriched functions in relation to myofibril, contractile fiber, and calcium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Octacosanol supplementation significantly adjusted the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels related to fatigue performance. Octacosanol has an observably mitigating effect in exercise-induced fatigue models, and its molecular mechanism may be related to the regulation of tripartite motif-containing 63 (Trim63), periaxin (Prx), calcium voltage-gated channel subunit α1 H (Cacna1h), and myosin-binding protein C (Mybpc3) expression. Show less

Phosphorylation of cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) regulates cardiac contraction through modulation of actomyosin interactions mediated by the protein's amino terminal (N')-region (C0-C2 domains, 358 amino acids). On the other hand, dephosphorylation of cMyBP-C during myocardial injury results in cleavage of the 271 amino acid C0-C1f region and subsequent contractile dysfunction. Yet, our current understanding of amino terminus region of cMyBP-C in the context of regulating thin and thick filament interactions is limited. A novel cardiac-specific transgenic mouse model expressing cMyBP-C, but lacking its C0-C1f region (cMyBP-C Show less

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNA) as the key regulators in all stages of tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report a lncRNA RP11-214F16.8, which renamed Lnc-PCIR, is upregulated and higher RNA level of Lnc-PCIR was positively correlated to the poor survival of patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissues. Lnc-PCIR overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion Show less

How autophagy initiation is regulated and what the functional significance of this regulation is are unknown. Here, we characterized the role of yeast Vac8 in autophagy initiation through recruitment of PIK3C3-C1 to the phagophore assembly site (PAS). This recruitment is dependent on the palmitoylation of Vac8 and on its middle ARM domains for binding PIK3C3-C1. Vac8-mediated anchoring of PIK3C3-C1 promotes PtdIns3P generation at the PAS and recruitment of the PtdIns3P binding protein Atg18-Atg2. The mouse homolog of Vac8, ARMC3, is conserved and functions in autophagy in mouse testes. Mice lacking ARMC3 have normal viability but show complete male infertility. Proteomic analysis indicated that the autophagic degradation of cytosolic ribosomes was blocked in ARMC3-deficient spermatids, which caused low energy levels of mitochondria and motionless flagella. These studies uncovered a function of Vac8/ARMC3 in PtdIns3-kinase anchoring at the PAS and its physical significance in mammalian spermatogenesis with a germ tissue-specific autophagic function. Show less