The maternal perinatal environment shapes brain development and long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories. Probiotic supplementation during this period has emerged as a promising strategy to support h Show more
The maternal perinatal environment shapes brain development and long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories. Probiotic supplementation during this period has emerged as a promising strategy to support healthy neurodevelopmental outcomes through modulation of immune and synaptic plasticity pathways. However, the persistence and specificity of molecular effects in the offspring brain, particularly with respect to sex and brain region, remain poorly understood. We conducted two independent mouse experiments using different probiotic strains and exposure windows to evaluate the long-term transcriptional effects of maternal probiotic supplementation. Time-mated C57BL/6JRj dams received a multi-species probiotic (Ecologic® Panda) from gestational day (GD) 6 until birth, whereas BALB/cJRj dams received Multi-species supplementation induced broad and persistent transcriptional changes in hippocampus and hypothalamus, with generally larger effects in males. Altered transcripts included markers of synaptic plasticity ( These findings highlight that short, targeted maternal probiotic supplementation during the perinatal period is associated with persistent molecular signatures in the adult offspring brain across genetic backgrounds, converging on neuroimmune-related pathways. Show less