👤 Muluwork Getahun

Resistance-conferring mutations in Drug resistance mutations vary by location, effectiveness of the national control programs, and the diagnostic methods employed. Rapid molecular diagnostic tests are the primary methods used to detect drug-resistant tuberculosis. Comprehensive resistance mutation profiles are often lacking in low- and middle-income countries. The goal of this study was to assess the patterns and frequencies of mutations conferring first-line drug resistance in Ethiopia using isolates collected from the drug resistance survey. The isolates were obtained before the implementation of rapid molecular tests. The findings will enhance our understanding of the patterns and frequencies of mutations that confer resistance, which is crucial for developing a comprehensive catalog of mutations. Show less

The relationship between B cells and CD4 T cells has been carefully studied, revealing a collaborative effort in which B cells promote the activation, differentiation, and expansion of CD4 T cells while the so-called "helper" cells provide signals to B cells, influencing their class switching and fate. Interactions between B cells and CD8 T cells are not as well studied, although CD8 T cells exhibit an accelerated contraction after certain infections in B-cell-deficient mice. Here, we find that B cells significantly enhance primary CD8 T cell responses after vaccination. Moreover, memory CD8 numbers and function are impaired in B-cell-deficient animals, leading to increased susceptibility to bacterial challenge. We also show that interleukin-27 production by B cells contributes to their impact on primary, but not memory, CD8 responses. Better understanding of the interactions between CD8 T cells and B cells may aid in the design of more effective future vaccine strategies. Show less