👤 M Muda

Activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases play an essential role controlling many neuronal functions. Dual specificity protein phosphatases (DS-PTPs) elicit selective inactivation of MAP kinases and are under tight transcriptional control. We have studied expression of four DS-PTPs (MKP-1, MKP-X, MKP-3 and B23) in rat brain and examined changes during post-natal development and following kainic acid induced seizure activity. In normal adult brain these DS-PTPs exhibit a strikingly different expression pattern. Only MKP-1 was regulated during development with levels increased transiently (P15-P21) within the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Following kainate treatment, MKP-1, MKP-3 and B23 all exhibit striking changes in expression within hippocampal subfields CA1-3 and dentate gyrus. Regulated transcription of DS-PTPs may play a critical role controlling MAP kinase dependent processes including synaptic remodeling and neuronal death. Show less

In PC12 sympathetic neurons activation and nuclear translocation of ERK family MAP kinases plays an essential role in processes underlying nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent differentiation. We have recently cloned MKP-3 as a novel dual specificity phosphatase displaying selectivity towards inactivation of the ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases. Here we report that in PC12 cells, MKP-3 undergoes powerful and specific up-regulation by NGF while a number of mitogens and cellular stresses are ineffective. NGF-stimulated MKP-3 expression appears after 1 h, is maximal at 3 h, and is sustained for 5 days. This coincides with a critical period of neurite outgrowth and terminal differentiation. Consistent with a role mediating inhibition of PC12 cell MAP kinases, NGF-stimulated ERK2 activation was suppressed considerably following pretreatment with fibroblast growth factor and 9-cis-retinal, two additional differentiation factors found to induce powerfully MKP-3 expression. Given the clear cytosolic localization of MKP3 in PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons, these results suggest a critical role for inactivating ERK MAP kinases in non-nuclear compartments during essential stages of NGF-mediated PC12 differentiation. Show less

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatases constitute a growing family of dual specificity phosphatases thought to play a role in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAP kinases and are therefore likely to be important in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. For this reason it has been suggested that MAP kinase phosphatases may be tumor suppressors. We have determined the chromosomal locations of three human dual specificity phosphatase genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping. The genes were localized to three different chromosomes, MKP2 (DUSP4) to 8p11-p12, MKP3 (DUSP6) to 12q22-q23, and MKPX (DUSP7) to 3p21. This will allow the potential roles of these genes in disease processes to be evaluated. Show less

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family includes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38/RK/CSBP (p38) as structurally and functionally distinct enzyme classes. Here we describe two new dual specificity phosphatases of the CL100/MKP-1 family that are selective for inactivating ERK or JNK/SAPK and p38 MAP kinases when expressed in COS-7 cells. M3/6 is the first phosphatase of this family to display highly specific inactivation of JNK/SAPK and p38 MAP kinases. Although stress-induced activation of p54 SAPKbeta, p46 SAPKgamma (JNK1) or p38 MAP kinases is abolished upon co-transfection with increasing amounts of M3/6 plasmid, epidermal growth factor-stimulated ERK1 is remarkably insensitive even to the highest levels of M3/6 expression obtained. In contrast to M3/6, the dual specificity phosphatase MKP-3 is selective for inactivation of ERK family MAP kinases. Low level expression of MKP-3 blocks totally epidermal growth factor-stimulated ERK1, whereas stress-induced activation of p54 SAPKbeta and p38 MAP kinases is inhibited only partially under identical conditions. Selective regulation by M3/6 and MKP-3 was also observed upon chronic MAP kinase activation by constitutive p21(ras) GTPases. Hence, although M3/6 expression effectively blocked p54 SAPKbeta activation by p21(rac) (G12V), ERK1 activated by p21(ras) (G12V) was insensitive to this phosphatase. ERK1 activation by oncogenic p21(ras) was, however, blocked totally by co-expression of MKP-3. This is the first report demonstrating reciprocally selective inhibition of different MAP kinases by two distinct dual specificity phosphatases. Show less

MKP-1 (also known as CL100, 3CH134, Erp, and hVH-1) exemplifies a class of dual-specificity phosphatase able to reverse the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members by dephosphorylating critical tyrosine and threonine residues. We now report the cloning of MKP-3, a novel protein phosphatase that also suppresses MAP kinase activation state. The deduced amino acid sequence of MKP-3 is 36% identical to MKP-1 and contains the characteristic extended active-site sequence motif VXVHCXXGXSRSXTXXXAYLM (where X is any amino acid) as well as two N-terminal CH2 domains displaying homology to the cell cycle regulator Cdc25 phosphatase. When expressed in COS-7 cells, MKP-3 blocks both the phosphorylation and enzymatic activation of ERK2 by mitogens. Northern analysis reveals a single mRNA species of 2.7 kilobases with an expression pattern distinct from other dual-specificity phosphatases. MKP-3 is expressed in lung, heart, brain, and kidney, but not significantly in skeletal muscle or testis. In situ hybridization studies of MKP-3 in brain reveal enrichment within the CA1, CA3, and CA4 layers of the hippocampus. Metrazole-stimulated seizure activity triggers rapid (<1 h) but transient up-regulation of MKP-3 mRNA in the cortex, piriform cortex, and some amygdala nuclei. Metrazole stimulated similar regional up-regulation of MKP-1, although this was additionally induced within the thalamus. MKP-3 mRNA also undergoes powerful induction in PC12 cells after 3 h of nerve growth factor treatment. This response appears specific insofar as epidermal growth factor and dibutyryl cyclic AMP fail to induce significant MKP-3 expression. Subcellular localization of epitope-tagged MKP-3 in sympathetic neurons reveals expression in the cytosol with exclusion from the nucleus. Together, these observations indicate that MKP-3 is a novel dual-specificity phosphatase that displays a distinct tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and regulated expression, suggesting a unique function in controlling MAP kinase family members. Identification of a second partial cDNA clone (MKP-X) encoding the C-terminal 280 amino acids of an additional phosphatase that is 76% identical to MKP-3 suggests the existence of a distinct structurally homologous subfamily of MAP kinase phosphatases. Show less