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Boxing, traditionally a competitive sport, is increasingly recognised as a therapeutic exercise modality for women transitioning through perimenopause and menopause a life stage characterised by hormonal changes that can accelerate muscle loss, bone demineralisation, balance impairment, cardiovascular risk, weight gain, and mood fluctuations. Structured, non-contact fitness boxing integrates resistance, impact, and aerobic components, delivering multi-system benefits relevant to this population. Physically, boxing stimulates muscle protein synthesis, preserves lean mass, and provides weight-bearing stimuli to maintain bone density, thereby reducing fracture risk. Dynamic footwork and agility drills challenge proprioception and postural control, improving balance and lowering fall risk. The high-intensity cardiovascular demands enhance heart health, reduce blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and assist with weight management. Physiologically, boxing's combined strength-endurance format boosts basal metabolic rate, improves insulin sensitivity, and moderates stress hormone levels, supporting metabolic health and resilience to menopause-related changes. Neuromuscular adaptations from complex motor sequences enhance coordination, reaction time, and functional independence. Neurologically, boxing promotes endorphin release and modulates key neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, improving mood stability and reducing anxiety. Cognitive engagement through learning and executing punch combinations enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, supporting neuroplasticity, memory, and executive function. Emerging evidence positions non-contact boxing as a safe, engaging, and multi-dimensional exercise strategy for midlife women. It addresses physical, physiological, and neurocognitive domains in one intervention, offering healthcare and wellness professionals a practical, evidence-informed tool to promote strength, stability, cardiovascular fitness, and psychological well-being during the menopausal transition. Show less

The GramAdapt Social Contact Dataset is a curated dataset of 34 language pairs with qualitative and quantifiable data on social interaction and aspects of societal multilingualism. The language pairs were sampled globally to represent the world's linguistic diversity. The dataset can be used to interrogate the social dimensions of language contact independently or in conjunction with appropriate linguistic data. The data were collected by distributing a questionnaire to experts who have experience with either one or both of the language communities of a pair. The data represent subjective expert assessments based on choices from predetermined answers which can be quantified. Authors 1, 2 and 3 manually checked the response to identify possible misjudgments or misunderstandings. This results in a dataset containing 13,493 data points. This dataset is a first of its kind in the field of linguistics, built upon wide findings from sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and linguistic anthropology. Show less