👤 Soo Yoon Kim

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been suggested to support dopaminergic neuron's endurance and dopamine release. Its Val66Met polymorphism might modify Parkinson's disease (PD) evolution, although evidence in Asian populations remains limited. This study aimed to explore how the BDNF rs6265 genotypes are associated with the clinical characteristics and longitudinal progression patterns of PD patients in a Korean population. A total of 247 patients were enrolled and followed for a mean duration of 50.9 ± 23.9 months. Baseline and/or periodic assessments captured motor severity, non-motor burden, cognition, orthostatic stress, cardiac denervation, and presynaptic dopamine transporter availability. The repeated measures were manipulated to infer any genotypic differences in the trajectories of each clinical domain. Genotype frequencies were 31.2% (77/247) for Val/Val and 68.8% (170/247) for Met-allele carriers. Baseline clinical characteristics and presynaptic dopamine transporter availability were comparable between genotypes; however, Val homozygotes showed more preserved myocardial innervation and poorer non-frontal cognitive performance. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated genotype-specific increases in motor and cognitive severity. Compared to Met-allele carriers, the homozygous Val group exhibited accelerated motor progression and more rapid decline in frontal domain after three years of follow-up. The differences in myocardial denervation at diagnosis, cognitive profiles, and motor progression might suggest a potential modulatory role of BDNF polymorphism in PD progression in the Korean population. Show less

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in neuroprotection, and we have previously demonstrated BDNF-mediated neuroprotective effects in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The present study aimed to investigate whether BDNF-overexpressing MSCs enhance the therapeutic efficacy of naïve MSCs in a preclinical model of severe neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). We exposed primary rat neuronal cells to 40 U of thrombin overnight Show less

The roots of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (Campanulaceae), known as Platycodi Radix (PR), have long been used as a traditional medicine for respiratory ailments and for relieving chest oppression, a symptom associated with qi stagnation and emotional imbalance resembling depressive states. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this ethnopharmacological effect and neuroplastic signaling remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like activities of PR and its triterpenoid saponins, platycodin D (PD) and platycodin D2 (PD2), and their underlying molecular mechanisms. In a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model, antidepressant efficacy was evaluated using behavioral assessments, including open field tests and forced swimming tests. Hippocampal microarray and pathway enrichment analyses, as well as the compound combination-oriented natural product database unified terminology (COCONT) database, were used to explore signaling pathways and active components, respectively. The molecular mechanisms underlying brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and secretion were investigated in N2a cells and hippocampal tissues. The activation of BDNF-related signaling pathways was examined using neurite outgrowth assays, quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. PR extract (PRE), PD, and PD2 significantly improved depressive-like behavioral deficits induced by CRS and restored the expression of hippocampal neuroplasticity markers, including BDNF, neurofilament light, and PSD95. These effects were accompanied by enhanced activities in ERK/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. These compounds promoted neurite outgrowth and triggered α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs)-dependent Ca PR and its triterpenoid saponins, PD and PD2, could alleviate stress-induced depressive symptoms and modulate BDNF-centered neuroplasticity signaling, supporting their potential relevance as phytotherapeutic candidates for depressive disorders. Show less

Abnormal accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ), which may result from excessive production or impaired clearance, is one of the pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Plasmin is one of the important proteases involved in the Aβ clearance system. In this study, we investigated whether swertisin can regulate plasmin activity and reduce Aβ pathology. First, we examined whether swertisin regulated plasmin activity, mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) levels, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity in vitro. Next, we assessed the effect of swertisin on memory impairments in an Aβ-injected AD-like mouse model and in 5XFAD mice. To evaluate the involvement of plasmin in the effect of swertisin in the Aβ-injected AD-like mouse model, we used 6-aminocaproic acid (6-AA), a plasmin inhibitor. Additionally, we measured plasmin activity and mBDNF levels in the hippocampus of Aβ-injected AD-like mice and 5XFAD mice. Swertisin increased plasmin activity and mBDNF levels in hippocampal slices from both normal and 5XFAD mice. Moreover, swertisin ameliorated Aβ-induced synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) deficits in hippocampal slices. Swertisin also mitigated memory impairments induced by ventricular injection of Aβ, and this effect was blocked by 6-AA. Furthermore, swertisin improved learning and memory in 5XFAD mice while reducing Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation. This study demonstrates that swertisin ameliorates AD-like pathology by regulating plasmin activity. Plasmin activated by swertisin may cleave Aβ aggregates and increase mBDNF levels, thereby protecting the brain from Aβ toxicity. Swertisin may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for AD patients. Show less

This study explores the therapeutic potential of hydrogel-encapsulated neurospheres derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in mitigating traumatic brain injury (TBI) and enhancing functional recovery in a rodent model. Trans-septal (intranasal) transplantation of these neurospheres demonstrated significant neurological improvement, reduced neuronal damage, and preserved neuronal structures and functions. The hUC-MSCs cultured in a customized bioreactor retained essential MSC characteristics, including marker expression and multi-lineage differentiation potential, ensuring their therapeutic efficacy. Following neural induction, hUC-MSCs formed neurospheres that promoted cell aggregation, differentiation, and neuroprotective effects. Encapsulation within a hydrogel provided a stable environment, significantly reducing TBI-induced cell death in co-cultured HT22 cells and improving Show less

There has been less explanation for whether lumbar disc injury, particularly through puncture and nucleus pulposus (NP) aspiration, can influence chronic low back pain (LBP). We aim to investigate whether intradiscal injury modifies spine structure and contributes to behavioral alteration and peripheral neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 50) were subjected to lumbar disc (L4/5 and L5/6) puncture with nucleus pulposus aspiration (PUNCT) or sham surgery. Nociceptive processing was investigated through behavioral tests [dynamic weight bearing (DWB) and hindpaw withdrawal threshold], electrophysiological recordings of mechanosensitive single afferent nerves (MSAN), and calcium imaging of DiI-labeled dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in response to capsaicin. Expression levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the disc and subchondral bone were quantified, and bone structure was assessed using ex vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT). The PUNCT group displayed significant behavioral changes, including increased forelimb dependency in DWB and decreased hindpaw withdrawal thresholds. Electrophysiological data indicated MSAN hyperexcitability with a reduced threshold to intradiscal pressure, and calcium imaging revealed heightened capsaicin (1 μM)-induced calcium influx in DiI-labeled DRG neurons from the PUNCT group. NGF and BDNF expression significantly increased in both the disc and subchondral bone of the PUNCT group. µCT analysis revealed hypertrophic bone volume, diminished trabecular bone quality, and localized bone erosion in the PUNCT group. Intradiscal injury caused by puncture and NP aspiration induces spinal structural remodeling and peripheral neuronal sensitization, contributing to chronic LBP. Show less

Schisandrin C (SCC), a bioactive lignan compound derived from Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis), has been demonstrated to promote intestinal health. However, the antidepressant activity of SCC and its impact on the gut‒brain axis have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effects of SCC and elucidate its molecular mechanisms through modulation of the microbiota‒gut‒brain axis. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based target protein prediction, network pharmacology analysis, and experimental validation using intestinal cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice models were conducted. Targeted metabolomics, gut microbiota analyses, and molecular biology techniques were employed for mechanistic elucidation. SCC treatment effectively suppressed depressive-like behaviors in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). SCC upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the brain by regulating the AKT/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. Additionally, integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and metabolomics analyses revealed that SCC significantly increased brain serotonin levels by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. Furthermore, SCC increased the abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium, as observed both in the synthetic microbial community in vitro and in the gut microbiota in vivo. Additionally, SCC effectively alleviated intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced intestinal inflammation in vitro in intestinal cells, in vivo in C. elegans infected with Bacteroides fragilis, and in vivo in the CUMS-induced mice model. SCC improves depressive-like behaviors by modulating the microbiota‒gut‒brain axis. These findings underscore the potential of SCC as an effective therapeutic agent for depression. Show less

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining host health and has increasingly been linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by dopaminergic dysfunction, neuro inflammation, and pathological alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) aggregation, is frequently accompanied by gut microbial dysbiosis. Probiotics isolated from human infants could offer distinct neuroprotective and immunomodulatory benefits, yet their effects on integrated gut-brain axis models remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus SLAM_LAA02 (L. acidophilus SLAM_LAA02), a novel infant-derived strain, in modulating PD-related behavioral and neuropathological features via modulation of the gut-brain axis. Following comprehensive safety and functional assessments, we first assessed L. acidophilus SLAM_LAA02 in Caenorhabditis elegans, where supplementation extended lifespan, enhanced antimicrobial defense, improved behavioral responses, and reduced α-synuclein expression in transgenic worms. We then evaluated its effects in a rotenone-induced mouse model that reflects early-stage PD-like features. L. acidophilus SLAM_LAA02 administration ameliorated motor dysfunction, modulated neuroinflammatory signaling, restored gut microbial diversity, and improved intestinal barrier-associated outcomes. These changes were accompanied by a notable reduction in α-synuclein expression and upregulated neuroprotective gene expression, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Together, these findings suggest that L. acidophilus SLAM_LAA02 exhibits neuroprotective and gut-modulating properties across complementary model systems, supporting its potential as a promising probiotic candidate for alleviating early PD-related dysfunctions through the gut-brain axis. Show less

Sensory neurotoxicity involves damage to the sensory nerves, often resulting from exposure to chemicals, medications, toxins, infections, or neurological disorders. Benzalkonium chloride (BKC) is a widely used quaternary ammonium compound with antiseptic properties, commonly present in pharmaceuticals, household products, and cosmetics. While the potential neurotoxicity of BKC has been previously explored in ocular and nasal epithelia, its impact on other sensory systems and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess the developmental neurotoxicity of BKC. Embryonic exposure to 0.72, 1.28, and 2.24 mg/L BKC led to dose-dependent impairments in mechanosensory hair cells, reduced startle responses, and heightened nociceptive sensitivity upon noxious stimulation. BKC exposure induced pronounced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species levels, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and altered expression of redox-regulating genes. Moreover, BKC significantly upregulated inflammatory and pain-associated genes, including tnfa, il1b, cox2, bdnf, and trpa1b. Expression profiling of hair cell differentiation markers revealed increased pou4f3 and decreased tmc2a/tmc2b, suggesting that BKC disrupts both terminal differentiation and mechanotransduction processes in sensory hair cells. Collectively, these findings uncover a novel mechanistic link between oxidative stress, impaired hair-cell maturation, and sensory dysfunction, offering new insights into the mechanisms underlying BKC-induced sensory neurotoxicity. This study emphasizes the ecological and toxicological relevance of quaternary ammonium compounds in aquatic environments. Show less

Pulmonary infections and fibrosis remain difficult to treat because current interventions target isolated pathways rather than the coupled axes of inflammation, barrier integrity, and tissue remodeling. Here, it is shown that inhalationally delivered, lung-targeted antisense oligonucleotides against angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4-ASO) attenuate both infectious and fibrotic lung disease. In murine models of bacterial and viral pneumonia, Angptl4-ASO reduces inflammatory cell infiltration, preserves alveolar architecture, and improves host defence. In bleomycin-induced fibrosis, treatment lowered Ashcroft scores, collagen deposition, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression, indicating broad efficacy across acute and chronic injury. Comparative transcriptomics reveal model-specific responses, immune and oxidative-stress programs in pneumonia versus extracellular matrix (ECM)-remodeling pathways in fibrosis, yet nearly half of all changes converge on a shared ANGPTL4-regulated network linking hypoxic, inflammatory, apoptotic, and stress response programs. This conserved signature suggests that ANGPTL4 functions as a central regulator of injury resolution regardless of the initiating insult. Mechanistically, Angptl4-ASO reinforced epithelial barrier integrity through coordinated regulation of tight junction and glycoprotein pathways. Longitudinal tracking of a Sulfo-Cyanine 5 (Cy5)-conjugated Angptl4-ASO confirmed a lung-retentive biodistribution, with sustained intrapulmonary localization and minimal systemic dissemination over a 144-hour window. Collectively, these findings position inhaled ANGPTL4-ASO as a host-directed, multi-axis therapeutic strategy that addresses shared and context-specific drivers of diverse pulmonary pathologies. Show less

Reliable prediction of reproductive toxicity remains a critical challenge in drug development and environmental safety. Here, a biomarker-integrated, fluorescent reporter-based reproductive organ-on-a-chip platform that recapitulates the multicellular composition, 3D architecture, endocrine signaling, and cyclic dynamics of the human menstrual cycle, is presented. The system is constructed using primary human theca, granulosa, endometrial stromal and stem cells, vascular endothelial cells, uterine macrophages, and myometrial smooth muscle cells, compartmentalized within collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Early-response toxicity biomarkers-ANGPTL4 (ovary) and SERPINB2 (endometrium)-are genetically linked to mCherry or GFP fluorescent reporters, enabling real-time, cell-type-specific visualization of toxicant-induced stress. Transcriptomic profiling, KEGG pathway enrichment, and gene knockdown studies confirm ANGPTL4 and SERPINB2 as functional mediators of toxic injury, not just passive indicators. Upon exposure to dioxin and other reproductive toxicants, the platform shows strong, region-specific fluorescent responses that preceded changes detected by conventional cytotoxicity assays. This system demonstrates high sensitivity, temporal precision, and mechanistic insight, offering a scalable and physiologically relevant tool for high-content reproductive toxicology screening. Furthermore, it supports endocrine crosstalk between the ovary and uterus, and dynamic responses across the menstrual cycle, enabling future applications in personalized toxicity prediction and preclinical safety evaluation. Show less

Tinnitus is a complex neurological condition affecting 10-15% of adults worldwide, characterized by phantom auditory perception without external sound sources. While traditional investigations have focused on discrete auditory structures, emerging evidence suggests tinnitus involves broader alterations across central auditory regions. This study employed transcriptomic analysis to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying salicylate-induced tinnitus across multiple brain regions simultaneously. Male C57BL/6 N mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of sodium salicylate (350 mg/kg) for five consecutive days to induce tinnitus-like behavior, assessed using gap-prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex. RNA sequencing was performed on auditory cortex, inferior colliculus, and cochlear nucleus tissues. Differential gene expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and functional annotation were conducted to identify shared molecular signatures and pathways across auditory centers. Principal component analysis revealed region-specific transcriptomic changes following salicylate treatment. Differential gene expression analysis identified Depp1 and Angptl4 as consistently upregulated genes across multiple brain regions, particularly within the inferior colliculus and cochlear nucleus. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed a 215-gene module increased across all auditory regions in tinnitus mice, with functional annotation indicating enrichment for vasculature-related biological processes. Depp1 emerged as a central hub gene linking oxidative stress responses to autophagy mechanisms. This study shows that tinnitus pathology involves not only neuronal hyperactivity but also oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and autophagy in the central auditory pathway. Depp1 acts as a molecular hub linking redox imbalance to cellular clearance, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target and offering new insights for intervention. Show less

Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in the regulation of various homeostatic and disease processes. In the intestine, prior studies have suggested protective roles for Angptl4 in inflammation using Angptl4 knockout mouse models; however, phenotypic variability-such as perinatal lethality and intestinal inflammation accompanied by lymphatic defects in only a subset of animals-has complicated the interpretation of its role in intestinal pathogenesis. In this study, the impact of Angptl4 deficiency was examined using a subset of Angptl4 knockout mice that survive postnatally without overt abnormalities. It was found that loss of Angptl4 confers protection against colitis and colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis. These protective effects were associated with the alternative activation of anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages. Similarly, in a genetic model of intestinal tumorigenesis, Angptl4 deficiency resulted in reduced tumor burden and attenuated inflammation, accompanied by increased M2-like macrophages. Analysis of human colorectal cancer data sets further revealed that low ANGPTL4 expression is associated with improved survival outcomes as well as reduced expression of inflammation-related marker genes. Collectively, the findings uncover a previously unrecognized protective effect of Angptl4 deficiency against intestinal pathogenesis via anti-inflammatory mechanisms, suggesting Angptl4 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Show less

Skin aging arises from intrinsic processes and extrinsic insults (e.g., ultraviolet exposure and oxidative stress). Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived secretome offers a cell-free approach to skin regeneration. Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) may outperform adipose-derived (AD-MSCs) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Secretomes from WJ-MSCs, AD-MSCs, and BM-MSCs were compared in vitro for human dermal fibroblast proliferation, scratch-wound closure, extracellular-matrix (ECM) remodeling, and type I procollagen secretion. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were assessed by IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2 and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antibody arrays profiled secreted factors. An exploratory, single-arm human pilot ( The WJ-MSC secretome increased fibroblast proliferation, ECM remodeling, and type I procollagen, and reduced cytokines and ROS, exceeding the effects of AD-MSC and BM-MSC secretomes. Profiling highlighted apolipoprotein A4 (ApoA4) and SERPINH1 as enriched, functionally active mediators; recombinant ApoA4 and SERPINH1 enhanced fibroblast activity, collagen-related readouts, and accelerated in vitro wound closure. In the pilot study, within-subject increases in instrument-derived hydration and elasticity were observed over one week (paired tests). No treatment-related adverse events were noted. Patch testing showed no irritation (ICDRG scores all 0; non-irritant classification). The WJ-MSC secretome demonstrated consistent in-vitro pro-regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, with ApoA4 and SERPINH1 as candidate mediators. Human findings are preliminary/exploratory and suggest potential short-term benefits that require confirmation in adequately powered, controlled trials. Show less

This study aimed to identify novel key targets and mechanisms for repurposing strategies and mitigating sorafenib (SFB) resistance using the GEO transcriptomic dataset GSE94550 within a systems pharmacology framework. Potential counteracting molecules against SFB were retrieved from chemical repositories, followed by molecular docking tests (MDT), Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) assessments to evaluate therapeutic potential. PPI networks were constructed using STRING and R to characterize the relationships between upregulated and downregulated genes. The most relevant signalling pathways associated with major targets were determined to elucidate the upstream regulatory mechanisms. Among the differentially expressed genes, APOB emerged as a pivotal regulator (log Show less

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Increasing evidence implicates systemic lipid perturbation in ALS pathogenesis. However, the extent and nature of apolipoprotein changes underlying lipid perturbations in ALS remain largely unknown. To address this, we performed a comprehensive analysis of major apolipoproteins involved in lipid metabolism and examined their association with lipoprotein membrane lipids in sporadic ALS (n = 32) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 32), using ELISA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with controls, serum levels of apoB, apoCI, apoCII, apoCIII and apoE were significantly elevated in ALS, whereas apoAI and apoAII were unchanged. Distributional analyses demonstrated a relative decrease in apoAI and an increase in apoB in ALS, resulting in an elevated apoB/apoAI ratio, a marker of atherogenic risk, alongside a reduced apoAI/apoE ratio. Correlation analyses revealed strengthened interrelationships among apolipoproteins in ALS, suggesting altered regulatory coordination. At the lipid level, phosphatidylcholine (PC) was increased, whereas sphingomyelin (SM) was reduced in ALS serum. Notably, the strong associations of apoB to both PC and SM observed in controls were absent in ALS. Biomarker analyses identified apoE as the strongest discriminator between ALS and control groups. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a coordinated disruption of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-associated lipids in ALS serum, with likely functional consequences for lipoprotein metabolism. This study provides new insights into lipid dysregulation in ALS pathobiology and supports the emerging view that ALS encompasses not only neurodegenerative processes but also systemic metabolic reprogramming. Show less

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves proteostasis dysregulation causing protein misfolding, but whether these structural changes manifest as plasma conformational biomarkers remains unclear. We profiled plasma protein structures from 520 participants including individuals with AD, individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. Using mass spectrometry and machine learning, we systematically characterized the structural proteome changes associated with ApoE variations and neuropsychiatric symptoms to identify AD-specific signatures. We developed a diagnostic panel using peptides from C1QA, CLUS and ApoB representing AD-associated structural changes. This three-marker panel achieved 83.44% accuracy in three-way classification (healthy versus MCI versus AD). Binary classification yielded area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.9343 for healthy versus MCI and 0.9325 for MCI versus AD. Longitudinal samples were classified with 86.0% accuracy. This multi-marker panel based on plasma protein structural alterations represents a promising diagnostic approach that may enhance early AD detection and provide insights for clinical trials, improving therapeutic outcomes. Show less

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterised by elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol, predisposing to premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Most cases follow an autosomal dominant pattern (ADH) caused by pathogenic variants in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9. In contrast, the rare autosomal recessive form (ARH) results from biallelic mutations in LDLRAP1, leading to defective LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis. Despite the high rate of consanguinity in Tunisia, LDLRAP1 variants have not yet been reported in this population. In this study, Whole Exome Sequencing of two consanguineous Tunisian families, identified distinct pathogenic variants. In the first family (FH-A), a recurrent LDLR splice-site variant (c.1845+1G>A) was detected in both heterozygous and homozygous states, consistent with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. In the second family (FH-B), a novel homozygous LDLRAP1 missense variant (c.161G>A; p.Gly54Asp) was identified, confirming autosomal recessive inheritance. In silico analyses using MutationTaster, DynaMut2, MUpro, DDGun, NetSurfP-2.0, ConSurf and PyMOL predicted that the p.Gly54Asp substitution destabilises the PTB domain of LDLRAP1 by disrupting key hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, thereby likely impairing LDLR internalisation. According to ACMG guidelines, this variant is classified as likely pathogenic. Clinically, ARH patients exhibited early-onset xanthomas and an unusual quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV). Targeted analysis of valvulogenesis genes (NOTCH1, GATA4, NKX2-5, TBX5, AGTR1, BMP2) revealed no co-segregating pathogenic variants, suggesting that QAV may result from embryonic LDL accumulation disrupting Notch1 signalling rather than a monogenic defect. Comparison with other ADH Tunisian families carrying the same LDLR mutation showed phenotypic variability, likely influenced by genetic modifiers, treatment response and environmental factors. These findings provide the first evidence of LDLRAP1-associated ARH in Tunisia and highlight the genetic heterogeneity of FH, emphasising the importance of integrating molecular, structural and functional analyses for accurate diagnosis, personalised management and early prevention. Show less

Discordance between apolipoprotein B (apoB) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels is frequently observed in individuals with metabolic disorders and may contribute to underestimated cardiovascular risk. Population-based data on LDL-C discordance in East Asians, particularly in metabolically healthy individuals, remain limited. We aimed to investigate the distribution of apoB relative to LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels and assess the prevalence and determinants of apoB-LDL-C discordance. We analyzed data from 411,125 Korean adults who underwent health checkups between 2011 and 2023. Participants with a history of cardiovascular disease or lipid-lowering therapy were excluded from the study. ApoB-LDL-C (and apoB-non-HDL-C) discordance was quantified using residuals from a linear regression model. Individuals were classified as discordant-high (residuals > 75th percentile), discordant-low (residuals < 25th percentile), or concordant (residuals between the 25th and 75th percentiles). Subgroup analyses were performed for metabolic status, obesity phenotype, and lifestyle or family risk factors. Substantial variability in apoB levels was observed at each LDL-C and non-HDL-C level. ApoB-LDL-C discordance patterns between apoB and non-HDL-C were similar to those observed with apoB and LDL-C, though with smaller residual differences. Discordance was most pronounced in metabolically unhealthy obese individuals, followed by metabolically unhealthy lean individuals, and metabolically healthy individuals (P < .001), indicating that metabolic health is a stronger determinant of discordance than obesity. ApoB-LDL-C discordance is common, even among metabolically healthy individuals, and is primarily driven by metabolic dysfunction rather than by obesity. ApoB measurements should be included in routine cardiovascular risk assessments. Show less

To evaluate the lipid-lowering efficacy, safety, and adherence of switching from moderate- or low-intensity statin monotherapy to ezetimibe 10 mg/rosuvastatin 2.5 mg in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dyslipidaemia. This multicentre, open-label, single-arm, prospective study enrolled adults with T2DM and LDL-C ≥70 mg/dL despite ≥12 weeks of moderate or low-intensity statin therapy. Participants received ezetimibe 10 mg/rosuvastatin 2.5 mg once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion achieving LDL-C <70 mg/dL at Week 12. Secondary endpoints included changes in lipid and glycaemic parameters, subgroup analyses, and safety outcomes. Of 639 screened patients, 586 were included in the full analysis set (FAS). At Week 12, 62.3% (95% CI 58.4-66.2) achieved LDL-C <70 mg/dL. Mean LDL-C decreased by 26.0% from 90.9 ± 17.2 to 67.3 ± 19.3 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, and apoB decreased significantly (all p < 0.001); HDL-C and triglycerides were unchanged (p = 0.914 and p = 0.393, respectively). HbA1c increased by 0.15 ± 0.53% and fasting glucose by 3.6 ± 24.7 mg/dL (both p < 0.001). HOMA-IR decreased by -0.22 ± 3.09, not significant (p = 0.085). Subgroup analyses showed greater LDL-C reductions in patients with BMI <23 kg/m Switching to ezetimibe 10 mg/rosuvastatin 2.5 mg achieved substantial LDL-C reductions, high goal attainment, excellent adherence, and good tolerability in Korean T2DM patients with dyslipidaemia. Show less

This study evaluates the clinical validity of the Korean Computerized Cognitive Function Test (CFT-S) by comparing its domain-specific scores with those of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-II (SNSB-II) in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's Disease (AD). A total of 300 participants (MCI: n = 163; AD: n = 137) from Severance Hospital completed both CFT-S and SNSB-II assessments within a two-week interval, along with brain MRI and APOE genotyping. Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses examined relationships between cognitive scores and biomarker variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves assessed diagnostic accuracy. Bland-Altman plots evaluated agreement across five shared cognitive domains. CFT-S index scores showed significant positive correlations with SNSB-II in attention, language, visuospatial, and executive domains (r = 0.59-0.71, p < 0.001). The memory domain showed a lower correlation in AD patients (r = 0.28), reflecting limitations under severe impairment. Hippocampal volume was positively associated with MMSE (r = 0.54), CFT-S memory (r = 0.50), and SNSB memory scores (r = 0.52). Education correlated with MMSE (r = 0.32) but not with CFT-S or SNSB, suggesting minimal education bias. APOE-ε4 carriers had smaller hippocampal volumes, higher FBB-PET BAPL scores, and poorer cognitive outcomes. The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated acceptable agreement at the group level between CFT-S and SNSB-II across all cognitive domains, with small mean biases and symmetric distributions despite relatively wide limits of agreement. CFT-S index scores and Bland-Altman plot analysis demonstrated validity relative to SNSB-II, with significant associations to hippocampal atrophy and genetic risk factors. The findings support CFT-S as a viable and efficient cognitive assessment tool for diagnosing MCI and AD. Show less

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic liver condition with a rising global incidence, closely linked to metabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE Show less

Liver-metabolic stress and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 are implicated in late-life cognitive vulnerability, yet how hepatic-metabolic indices relate to cognition and amyloid burden and whether these associations vary by APOE ε4 allele dose remains unclear. We examined liver-metabolic indices in relation to cognition and amyloid PET SUVR and tested effect modification by APOE ε4. We analyzed baseline data from the Dementia Platform Korea Trial-Ready Registry (DPK-TRR). Primary multivariable analyses used complete cases for outcomes and covariates ( Higher TyG index and AST/ALT ratio were associated with lower MMSE scores (TyG: Routine liver-metabolic indices were associated with cognitive performance, while FIB-4 stage showed effect modification by APOE ε4 in relation to both cognition and amyloid PET SUVR. These findings support heterogeneity in liver-metabolic and genetic contributions to late-life cognitive vulnerability in a dementia trial-ready registry and motivate longitudinal studies to clarify temporal relationships. Show less

The APOE gene, which encodes Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), is the strongest genetic risk locus for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A substantial fraction of AD risk genes converges on pathways controlling lipid metabolism and immune regulation, in which microglia serve as a central integrative hub in the brain. Although microglial phenotypes linked to different APOE genotypes have been extensively characterised, the fundamental question of how ApoE shapes the core functions of human microglia remains unresolved. Here, we generated APOE knockout (KO) microglia from AD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and characterised their cellular and molecular phenotypes. Ablation of APOE resulted in marked lipid droplet accumulation and increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed downregulation of cell cycle-related pathways, accompanied by enrichment of an oxidative stress-associated pathway. Consistent with these transcriptomic signatures, APOE KO microglia exhibited elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a marked reduction in proliferative capacity. Given the importance of microglial proliferation for maintaining immune homeostasis in the brain, our findings highlight ApoE as being an important regulator of this process, with potential consequences for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Show less

Distressing dreams were previously reported to predict future all-cause dementia among predominantly white US participants aged 79-89 years, particularly in men. We investigated whether disturbing dreams (nightmares and bad dreams) were associated with all-cause and Alzheimer dementia (AD) among individuals aged 60-89 years from diverse international regions. Data were from six longitudinal cohort studies across Brazil, China, France, Italy, South Korea, and Taiwan (n = 10,238, 42.5% men). Cox regressions with a random effect for study investigated associations between disturbing dreams and incident dementia, with all participants and stratified separately by sex and baseline age. Analyses examined (i) any disturbing dreams and (ii) disturbing dreams at least once a week. Fully adjusted analyses included three studies with covariates for sleep problems, medications, mental and physical health, cognition, and APOE ε4 status. Disturbing dreams were reported by 24.2% overall and all-cause dementia, and AD incidence was 10.8 and 5.3 per 1000 person-years, respectively. In fully adjusted analyses, having any disturbing dreams was associated with increased incidence of all-cause dementia among 60-69-year-olds (hazard ratio [HR] 3.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-11.67). There were no significant effects for older individuals. In fully adjusted sex-stratified analyses, having disturbing dreams at least once a week was associated with AD only among men (HR 3.59, 95% CI 1.44-8.96). We found some evidence for disturbing dreams being associated with incident all-cause dementia among individuals aged 60-69 years and with AD among men. The mechanisms potentially underlying these associations remain to be clarified. Show less

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis may share a common pathogenesis involving chronic IL-1β-induced inflammation. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of diacerein, an IL-1 pathway inhibitor, in improving liver fibrosis, steatosis, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE k/o) mice. ApoE k/o mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were divided into three groups based on diacerein dosage. Liver fat accumulation and fibrosis severity were compared across groups, along with changes in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and fibrosis. Atherosclerotic burden in the aorta was evaluated via en face analysis, and the related signaling pathway was verified in vitro. Diacerein treatment reduced the amount of collagen fibers and fat accumulation in the liver in a dose-dependent manner as well as fibrosis-related gene expression. Atherosclerotic plaque burden in the aorta showed a decreasing trend with diacerein treatment, accompanied by reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α. Diacerein treatment ameliorated liver steatosis/fibrosis and showed beneficial effects on atherosclerosis-related mechanisms in HFD-fed apoE k/o mice. Given its dual anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions, diacerein represents a promising therapeutic candidate for metabolic disorders characterized by chronic inflammation. KEY MESSAGES: We analyzed the effects of diacerein on liver fibrosis, steatosis, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE k/o) mice. Diacerein reduced fat accumulation in the liver and collagen fibers in the liver. It decreased the expression of genes related to fibrosis and the burden of atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was reduced. Treatment of apoE knockout mice fed an HFD with diacerein effectively ameliorated liver steatosis/fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Show less

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during overnutrition causes leptin resistance in obese animals and humans. ER stress induces the activation of the unfolded protein response, which disrupts the leptin signaling pathway, accelerating atherosclerosis development and its complications. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) improves metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obesity; however, its role in protecting against ER stress-induced hyperleptinemia remains unclear. Herein, we explored whether dietary I3C alleviates ER stress in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE ApoE I3C supplementation (0.05%) resulted in reduced adipose tissue weight and plasma leptin levels compared with those in WD-fed apoE I3C may serve as a feasible compound for preventing atherosclerosis and its associated complications. Show less

The proteasome is a major intracellular protease complex, but the significance of circulating proteasome activity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not well established. Because APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, we examined whether plasma proteasome activity is associated with AD-related pathology, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline, focusing on APOE ε4 carriers. In this observational study, participants were classified as cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. All underwent 3.0-T MRI, [ A total of 148 individuals were included (58 CN, 39 MCI, 38 AD dementia, and 13 other dementia). Significant associations appeared only in APOE ε4 carriers ( Downregulated proteasome activity is strongly associated with amyloid burden, early tau accumulation, hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive impairment only in APOE ε4 carriers. These findings suggest that plasma proteasome activity may serve as a noninvasive marker of AD-related vulnerability in genetically at-risk individuals. Further studies are needed to clarify whether proteasome activity contributes to or results from amyloid and tau aggregation. KCT0005428. Registered September 24, 2020. Study subjects included in this analysis were those recruited from November 2018 onwards (retrospectively registered). The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-026-01994-w. Show less